英语教法发展及分类.ppt

English Language Teaching Methodology,The method concept in language teaching:the notion of a systematic set of teaching practices based on a particular theory of language and language learning,ELT Methodology:It mainly studies the fundamental tenets, basic principles, common methods, practical techniques and popular means of ELT.,Methodology is that which links theory and practice．,,Theory statements would include theories of what language is and how language is learned or，more specifically，theories of foreign language/second language acquisition（SLA）．Such theories are linked to various design features of language instruction．,These design features might include stated objectives，syllabus specifications，types of activities，roles of teachers， learners，materials，and so forth．Design features in turn are linked to actual teaching and learning practices as observed in the environments where language teaching and learning take place．,Practice and Theory,,,,,,1. ELT Practice,2. ELT Methodology,3. ELT Practice,4. ELT Methodology,,,,,,Unit 1 Language and Learning,How do we learn languages ?,1 ) How do we learn our own language ?,Language acquisition,Language learning,Language acquisition: the process where a language is acquired as a result of natural and largely random exposure to language.( a subconscious process),Krashen describes this process as a ‘natural’ one, where there is no ‘conscious focusing on linguistic forms. According to his argument, acquisition refers to the way children learn their native language.,Language learning: the process where the exposureto language is structured through language teaching.Learning is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom.,2 ) How do we learn foreign language ?,(1) People learn language for different reasons.,(2) People learn language in different ways.,(3) People have different understanding about language learning.,(4) People have different capabilities in language learning.,,1) What is language ?,II. Views on language.,Language is a system of structures: structural learning, formal instruction of grammatical structures.,Language is a means of communication: instruction focused on the functions and notions of language; learning through using.,Language is the reflection of cultures: instruction on cultures and focus on appropriateness of speech.,Structural View :,It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystem : from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentence . Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so a s to be able to understand and produce language .,,Functional View :,,It sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to- day language use involves functional activities : offering , suggesting , advising, apologizing, etc. Therefore , learners learn a language in order to do things with it . To perform functions , learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.,,Interactional View :,It consider language as a communicative tool , whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore , learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language , but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context.,,III. Views on language learning,1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive process involved in language learning ? 2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning process to be activated ?,,,Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.,Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.,,Behaviourist theory (行为主义学习理论）,Proposed by behavioural psychologist Skinner, who applied the theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire language.,Language is also a form of behaviour. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli.,---learning as habit formation,The key point of the theory of conditioning“You can train a animal to do anything(within reason) If you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response,and reinforcement”.,One influential result is the audio-lingual method（听说, which involves the “ listen and repeat ” drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetion and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes are immediately corrected, and correct utterances are immediately praised,Cognitive theory (认知主义学习理论）,The term cognitivism is often used to describe method in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.,。