中国文化 中英文对照.docx

1.剪纸剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行人们常用剪纸美化居家环境特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cutting are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.2.儒家思想儒家思想也称儒学，由春秋（前 770 年-前 476 年）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。

历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等主要经典有：四书（《大学》 、 《中庸》 、《论语》 、 《孟子》 ） ，五经（《周易》 、 《尚书》 、 《诗经》 、 《礼记》 、 《春秋》 ）等儒家学派以“仁、义、礼、智、信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识ConfucianismConfucian thought, also called Confucianism, was established by Confucius, a great thinker and educator who live in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Some representatives of Confucianism throughout Chinese history include Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming. The main classics of Confucianism are the Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and Mencius) and the Five Classics (Zhouyi, Shangshu (collection of Ancient Texts), The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals). The Confucian school regards “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity” as being at the core of its ethical system. Confucianism was the main ideology of feudal society for more than 2,000 years in China. 3.中国象棋中国象棋早在战国时期（前 475-前 221）就有记载，最初成为六博，用象牙做成。

到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型为近代模式棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影----有中军帐（九宫） 、士位（士、仕） 、文官（象、相） 、武将（车、马、炮） 、士兵（兵、卒） 是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一Chinese ChessThe earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period (475BC—221BC). The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”. Its final form of play was fixed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (960AD-1127AD) after a long period of development. The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal or general, advisors (scholar or official), civil officials (elephant or minister), military officers (chariots, horses, and cannons), and soldiers (soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi (or general’s chess).4.二十四节气中国古代的先民们， 根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分，清明等等，这便是二十四节气。

二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法The 24 Solar TermsThe ancient Chinese divided a year into 24 equal segments according to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. Names were given with special connotations for these segments; such as vernal equinox (occurs on March 20 or 21) and pure brightness (occurs on April 4, 5, or 6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms. Originating from the Reaches of the Yellow River, the 24 Solar Terms are basically a calendar to govern agricultural arrangements which takes into account the changes in climate and practical agricultural needs. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and unique creation of the ancient Chinese. 5.中国书法中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。

它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态中国书法体现了中华民族的豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点Chinese calligraphyThe four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called quyin, chess, penmanship, and painting; and penmanship particularly refers to Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, running script, and cursive script, and other various writing styles of Chinese characters. The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official script’s “silkworm head and swallow tail,” the regular script’s requirement to “stick to the norm and rules,” the characteristic of cursive script’s “flying dragon and dancing phoenixes,” and the distinctive “natural grace” of the running script. Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence. 6.中国古琴中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。

据《史记》记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期为区分于西方乐器，现被成为“古琴” 古琴依凤之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合。