lecture seven.ppt

Lecture Seven文章的结构 第一节：文章开头段的写法文章的结构•一个完整的段落包括三部分：主题 句， 推展句和结论句•一篇完整的四六级作文包括三部分 ：引言，正文和结论又称：三段 论•因此，可以说， 文章是段落的扩展 ，段落是文章的压缩段落的结构文章的结构十句作文法•具体地说，四六级作文实际是一个 十句话短文（十句作文法）•引言段两句或三句话：开头句+主题 句（中心思想句+承上启下的组织句 ）•正文段四句话：主题句+三个扩（推 ）展句•结论段四句或三句话：主题句+扩（ 推）展句+结论句Example •Losing Weight•1）减肥已成为时尚•2）人们热衷于减肥的原因•3）减肥的有效方法•1）2 sentences•2）4 sentences•3）4 sentencesLosing Weight•1)Nowadays, many people are very much worried about being overweight. 2)And people, the young and women in particular, are trying various ways to lose weight. •3)There are many reasons why more and more people are concerned about losing weight. 4)To begin with, they are all aware of the danger of being overweight, which may lead to many diseases such as hyper-tension, diabetes and heart attacks. 5)Secondly, more people have become concerned about their shape and they want to appear energetic and young. 6)What’s more, losing weight can help them feel mentally healthier and build up their self-esteem. •7)There are different means through which people can achieve their goal of losing weight. 8)First of all, some of the people who want to remove their fat eat less or eat nothing. 9)Besides, they take weight-reducing drugs. 10)But the most effective and healthy way to lose weight is to take proper exercises.文章的开头•常言道：“织衣织裤，贵在起头”， 不落俗套，别致新颖的开头（引言 段）能吸引读者，紧紧抓住读者的 注意力。

•在四六级考试作文评分中，采用 global scoring的评分原则， 因此 ，文章的引言段是否能吸引 assessor/examiner， 是文章分 数高低的一个关键文章开头写作的两点原则•要紧扣文章标题，即开头点 题 •要能顺利地引出下文，和下 文（文章中间部分——正文） 的内容相联系，引发读者兴 趣，使人想读下去引言段的常用写作方法•提问式•引用名言谚语法•定义法1. 提问式•以提问开头，激发读者兴趣，可自问自答，自 然而然地引出下文 •What is essential for happiness? Our world is a big world, complex and full of many diverse people. So different people may have different opinions. In my opinion, happiness lies in the service that you give other people. 此种开头段的构成•这种开头段的构成方法如下：•问题+答案（过渡句+提供答案 的进一步论述）+中心思想句•What is a true student meant? A true student is one who possesses good morality, sound health, perfect knowledge and various abilities. To attain this end, I shall give a few suggestions as follows. 常用句型， 常见写法 •What is …? Have you ever …?• Have you ever taken a part-time job? What are the advantages of college students’ doing part-time jobs? As to this questions, different students may hold totally different ideas. Some students take the position that it is beneficial for a college student to do a temporary job. They have the following reasons…. On the contrary, there are still others who disapprove of students’ taking part-time jobs. They have their own reasons against it. •What is friendship? What is counted as real friendship? In my opinion, friendship is a sincere relationship between people. And a real friend is a friend in need. •Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people. Different people may have totally different opinions on it. 2. 引用名言谚语法•引用名人名言或谚语，俗语等，这些语句常具 有权威性或为大家所公认，引用在文章中有一 定的说服力。

•“Of all treasures”, says an ancient saint, “knowledge is the most precious, for it can neither be stolen, given away, nor consumed,” From that, we can see the great importance of education. •Shakespeare said: “One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result.” That is to say, happiness is very important in our life. •Francis Bacon once said, “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Perhaps this is the best advice on how to read. 此种开头段的构成•引用的谚语或名言+意义+主题（中心思 想） •Late Chairman Mao is right in his saying that failure is the mother of success. We should draw a lesson from failure rather than be defeated by failure. Walk through failure and we will succeed. •There is an old English saying which goes “No pains, no gains.” It illustrates the importance of hard work in the process of success. In other words, diligence is a key factor to success.3. 定义法•My Favorite Hobby •A hobby is an interesting way of spending one’s free time. My favorite hobby is playing chess. In my free time, I often play chess with my father. •I like playing chess in my spare time because of the following three main reasons…. •这种文章开头方法就是用定义开头法。

解释文 章的标题或话题下定义此种开头段的构成•给话题（标题）所下的定义+过渡句（进 一步说明或解释）+中心思想句•Good manners mean good behavior in social interactions. It is an interchangeable term with politeness, the art of pleasing. Good manners are important to us.•Perseverance can be defined as steadfastness in purpose. It is perseverance that keeps us continually doing sth. valuable & admirable in spite of difficulties & discouragement. & it is perseverance that is momentous & fundamental to anyone who takes great deeds. Perseverance is a key factor to success.常用句型•…can be defined as…•…is…•We can define …as…•…means…•…refers to…•…is usually defined as…分析下列开头段落的写法•Should college students keep part-time jobs while they are in school? This is a very controversial topic and it brings about many heated discussions. •The good。