清末监察制度改革述论论文.doc

摘要40 / 40.中国传统的封建监察制度发展到清朝末年,已经进入了其末期形态在封建皇权高度集中的情况下,监察机关自身的机能以及其对整个官僚体系的监督作用都大大削弱,存在着普遍的"虚监"和"失监"的现象同时,由于西方文化的冲击和国内形势的动荡,清朝的封建统治已经陷入危机状态,原有的监察制度已经到了难以为继的地步在帝国主义入侵,民族危机日益深重的形势下,清朝的统治再也不能按原有模式维持下去了为了挽救岌岌可危的局势,1906 年,清政府在重重压力下开始了自身政治法律制度的改革而监察制度的改革正是其中一个重要的部分清末监察制度改革中,最富有开创性的就是按照西方的三权分立理念建立了准议会监察制度这在当时主要体现为资政院和各省咨议局的设立,虽然二者在清朝统治的最后几年并没有能真正发挥议会监察的功能,而且有清一代也没有建立真正的议会监察制度,但就其实质来说,是迈出了现代议会监察的第一步与此同时,清政府还对原有的都察院进行了改革,净化其职掌,使之成为具有现代意义的行政监察机构另外,设立各级检察厅,专司司法监察这样,以议会监察、行政监察、司法监察为主要内容的现代监察制度雏形就出现了而这种监察体制构成即便在清朝政府覆灭以后,也基本上被保持下来,并在新的条件下曲折地向前发展。

因此,就现代性〔本文所称现代性是就当时而言,也就是当代视角中的近代性这一点上说,清末监察制度改革的意义是不言而喻的当然,清末监察制度改革也存在着不彻底性和理论与实践的矛盾性,但这毕竟是当时传统思想的根深蒂固以及复杂的国际国内环境造成的,这留给我们后人的将是深刻的反思和宝贵的借鉴关键词：清末；改革；监察制度；法制I.ABSTRACTAfter China's traditional supervisory develops into last years of Qing Dynasty, ithad already entered the shape of its latter stage. In the situation that feudal imperialpower is highly centralized, the supervisory organ's own functions and its supervisionfunction on the whole bureaucrat system had weaken greatly, the general phenomenonof "false supervising" and "no supervising" exist. Meanwhile, as a result of thewestern culture impact and the domestic situation turbulence, Qing Dynasty's feudalrule had already fell into the crisis condition, the original supervisory system hadalready reached the stage of nowhere to go on.In the situation of imperialism invasion and national crisis graving, QingDynasty's rule could not go on according to original pattern preserve anymore. Inorder to save the great danger the situation, in 1906, the Qing government started it’sown political and law system reform at the very heavy pressure. And the reform ofsupervisory is exactly an important part among them.Among the reform of supervisory in latter stage of Qing Dynasty, the mostCreativity affair is to set up the parliament supervisory according to the western ideaof separation of powers. This system mainly manifested with the establishment ofSenior Minister institute and every province consult discuss office at that time.Although the two department didn’t give really play to the function of parliamentsupervision till end of Qing Dynasty rule,moreover the genuine parliamentsupervisory system didn’t come ture till the end, the real parliament supervisorydidn’t come true either , said on its essence, it took the first step to modern parliamentsupervisory.At the same time, Qing Government reformed the already existed superviseinstitute , purified its duties , made it become the administration control organizationwith modern significance, and set up the procuratorate departments at all levels,which in charge of administration of justice. Thus, the modern supervisory embryonicform which composed with parliament supervision, administration supervision andjustice supervision appeared. And this kind of supervision system forms are basicallymaintained even after the Qing Government had collapsed, and windingly movesforward under the new condition. Therefore, say on the point of modernity , the significance of the supervisory system in the latterII.stage of Qing Dynasty was self-evident.Certainly, the contradictions of theory and practice and completeness existedeither in the supervisory reform in the latter stage of Qing Dynasty, but these reasonsto the deep-rooted traditional thought and the complicated international and domesticenvironments at that time, what this would give us descendant will be deepintrospection and valuable reference..Key Words:latter stage of Qing Dynasty; reform; Supervisory system;law systemIII.XX大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担作者签名：日期：年月日.学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅本人授权XX大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文涉密论文按学校规定处理作者签名：导师签名：日期：日期：年年月月日日.引言.清末法制改革是清朝政府对其政治法律制度进行的最大也是最后一次变动在 19 世纪下半叶,在西方殖民者坚船利炮的威逼下,清政府的顽固保守不断被打破,不得不逐步走向改革自救这是清末法制改革的历史背景而从改革的内容来看,其改革的力度、广度和深度都是前所未有的,也是颇具现代意义的虽然这次改革并没有能够挽救已经病入膏肓的清朝政府,但对后来中国社会的政治法律制度的发展是有着深远影响的然而,由于特定的历史和意识形态的原因,清末法制改革更多的是被否定或者轻视的。

在此,笔者着意对此次法制改革中的监察制度改革进行一番探讨,提出自己的一点浅见,以求引起学界的重视改革是人类社会永恒的话题,今天我们回顾 100 年前的这段历史,体会当时的时局变幻和思想撞击,结合清末监察制度改革的成败得失,我相信一定会有所启发,"横看成岭侧成峰",多换几个角度来看,也许我们会对自身所处的历史长河有更宽广而深入的认识对 20 世纪初的这次改革的研究,有关官制改革和立宪运动的文章不在少数,但真正专门论及监察制度改革的论文却是少之又少以笔者的视野所及,这方面的专著还没有出现,有关资料仅散见于些许论著中的只言片语以及少量的几篇文章其中,王晓天著《中国监察制度简史》和彭勃、龚飞合著《中国监察制度史》对此进行了较多的论述有关论文主要有王晓天的《论清末民初监察制度的嬗变》、黄泽南的《民国初年监察制度述论》以及李传斌有关官制改革的几篇文章这些论著主要对清末监察制度改革进行了提纲挈领式的介绍,而本文拟专门就清末监察制度改革的背景、内容以及意义做一番梳理,一方面能写出心中所想,另一方面也希望能给有意于此项研究的学人以鼓励虽然有关清。