高中英语语法知识点总结：完成时.docx

考向一、 现在完成时1. 现在完成时结构：主语 + 助动词have(has) + 动词过去分词否定句：have/has后加not, haven’t/hasn’t一般疑问句：have/has提前2. 现在完成时的用法：（1）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，强调的是这个结果或影响，常与yet，already，just，before，lately等时间状语连用—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗？—Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的，我刚吃过现在我不饿了I have already posted the photos. 我已经寄过这些照片了这些照片已不在我这里了have(has) gone to，have(has) been to和have(has) been in的区别1. have (has) gone to表示＂已经去某地了＂，不能与for+一段时间连用She has gone to Shanghai.（她可能已在去上海的路上，或已到上海，总之现在不在这里2. have (has) been to表示＂曾经去过某地＂，不能与for+一段时间连用。

She has been to Shanghai three times.（她已经不在上海，只说明她曾经去过3. have (has) been in/at表示＂一直待在某地＂，常与时间段搭配，指待了很久2）过去发生的事情，一直持续到现在（其谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的词）I haven’t seen her these days. 近来我一直没见过他I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李雷已经三年了They have lived here since 1996. 他们自从1996年就住在这儿She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来这所学校，她就教我3. 现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用：（1）用于＂过去发生的事，对现在造成的影响或结果＂的时间状语有：（2）用于＂过去发生的事，一直延续到现在＂的时间状语有：for + 时间段  for two yearssince + 时间点   since 2008  since then  since he came hereso far 目前；迄今为止up to now=till now=by now 到现在为止；直到现在all the time 总是；一直  recently/lately 最近these days 近几天by the end of...到……末/结束  by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末during /over the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中in the last /past days/ months/ years 在过去的几个天/月/年中（3）在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。

I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.（4）非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.（5）since与for用法比较3. 现在完成时的常用固定句型（1）That/This/It is the first (second, third ... ) time... (that) ...句型中，从句要用现在完成时It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市 It is the third time that the boy has been late. 这是这个男生第三次迟到了  （2）＂That/This/It is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + （that）从句＂中，that 从句要用现在完成时。

This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影 （3）在＂It is/has been + 一段时间 + since ... ＂句型中，主句常用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时It has been/ It’s 5 years since we last met. 自从上一次我们见面到现在已经是五年了 It’s / It has been 3 months since the man died. 那人死去3个月了   （4）一段时间+ 完成时结构+ since 引导的时间状语从句Two years has passed since I came here. 我来这儿已经两年了误区提醒（1）并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作）I have worked here for many years. （现在我仍在这里工作）（2）短暂性动词和延续性动词用于完成时的区别：延续性动词表示经验、经历；短暂性动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

He has completed the work. （表结果）I’’ve known him since then.（表经历）（3）短暂性动词和延续性动词用于till / until从句的差异延续性动词用于肯定句，表示＂做……直到……＂；短暂性动词用于否定句，表示＂到……才……＂He didn’’t come back until ten o’’clock. 直到十点钟他才回来He slept until ten o’’clock. 他睡到十点钟考向二、 过去完成时1. 基本结构：肯定句：主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他.否定句：主语 + had + not + 过去分词 + 其他.一般疑问句：Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组 + 一般疑问句（Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他）？2. 基本用法（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作即＂过去的过去＂可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已经等了20分钟He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了他以前是我的好朋友I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了5）过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的从句When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平7）动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你8）过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner... than...，It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等固定句型中Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了3. 过去完成时的语法判定（1）由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：①by + 过去的时间点I had finished reading th。