初中英语语法句子的成分

1、初中英语语法句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫作句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体，表语、宾语和宾语 补足语是谓语的组成部分，其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。1）主语表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”，通常用名词、代词、数词，不定式，动名词或从句担任。主语要放在句首，还可用“It”作形式主语（如主语从句）2）谓语起着说明主语的动作、特征或状态的作用，必须用动词表示。谓语和主语在人称和数两 方面要一致，通常在主语之后。谓语可分为两大类：简单谓语和复合谓语。凡是由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语，不管什么时态，语态，语气，都是简单谓语。复合谓语一般由两部分构成：一是带不定式的复合结构；一是带表语的复合谓语。3）表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态，可以由名词、代词，数词，形容词、副词、介词，介词短语，不定式，动词的ed形式或动词的ing形式或从句来担任，表语要放在连系动词之后。4）宾语是及物动词所示动作的对象或介词的对象，由名词、代词、数词，名词化的形容词，名词化的分词，不定式，动名词，从句都可以担任作宾

2、语。宾语要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。某些及物动词之后要求有双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)， 直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。这一类动词有：bring, give, pass,tell, hand, show, s end, read, leave, teach, find, buy, make, do, get, order, play, sing, pay等。要放在谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。在需要的情况下，间接宾语也可以位于直接宾语之后，但此时间接宾语之前需要加介词“ to”或“for”。有些及物动词的后面，其宾语还需要有一个补足语，才能表达完整的意思。这样的宾语和 宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式或介词短语都可以作宾语补足语。5）状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方 式、程度等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式，形容词短 语。名词短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。6）定语用于修饰名词或代词。可以担任定语的有形容词、代词、名词、数词、名词所有格、副 词、不定式、分词和分词短语、介词

3、短语及从句等等。定语的位置很灵活，凡有名词和代词 的地方都可以有定语。7）同位语是对句子的某一成分作进一步解释，说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位。同位语常常置于被说明的词的后面。可以作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。8）句子成分巧划分 ：主在前，谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连，宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。第一讲 主语【语法讲解】 主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如：1) The question is difficult.2) She is difficult to understand.3) 9483276105 is difficult to remember.4) To understand his words is difficult.5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult.6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult.上述的六个例句分别说

4、明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词（例如1）、代词（例如2）、数词（例如3）、动词不定式（例如4）、动名词（例如5）和主语从句（例如6）。1名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称:2代词是用来指代的词。能用来做主语的人称代词有3数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。4动词不定式为非谓语动词的一种形式，形式为动词不定式符号to加动词原形，即to do（do代表所有动词）。当动词不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为：It is difficult to understand his words.其中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.5动名词为非谓语动词的另一种形式，形式为动词原形加词尾-ing构成，即doing （do代表所有动词）。某些结构中，也可以用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语（即动名词放到句尾）。例如It is no use asking her advice.6主语从句指的是在句子中做主语的名词从句。按英语的习惯，有些句子可以把

5、it放在句首做形式主语，而将真正的主语主语从句放在句子的后面。例如It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.【特别提示】1） 祈使句的主语（you）经常省略；如：（You）Open the door, please. 2） 动名词，不定式和从句做主语时，谓语动词为单数。如上述例句中的4、5、6。【强化练习】判断下列各句的主语的位置及性质：1) Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.2) He is very strict.3) What they want is money.4) Even a child can do it.5) It is kind of you to say you like it.6) It is still a question whether she will join us.7) 1000 miles is a long distance.8) It is no use askin

6、g her advice.9) The milk remains fresh for a week.10)To take care of so many children is not an easy job.【练习解析】1)主语是动名词短语Reading aloud；2)主语是代词He；3)主语是主语从句What they want；4)主语是名词a child；5)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to say you like it；6)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句whether she will join us；7)主语是数词1000 miles；8)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语asking her advice；9)主语是名词The milk；10)主语是不定式To take care of so many children。【巩固练习】（四）按照上述讲解对主语进行判断和分析。1)Most adults would disagree with this statement.2)It is known that bones, muscles

7、and nerves develop faster in baby girls.3)To tell the difference between the two is not so easy.4)For some of us, having a family simply means having children.5)Successful language learners are learners with a purpose.6)What is accepted as true is often relatively, and not absolutely, true.7)They are the hardest substance found in nature.8)4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63.9)The movie was said to be very interesting.10)Its a great honor to be invited to your count

8、ry.11)For most adults learning a language is a very difficult task.12)What to do next will be discussed at the next meeting.13)Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.14)Look it up in the dictionary.15)12 is the number of months in the year.16)The waiter understood that he didnt want tea.17)Advertising is only part of the total sales effort.18)It is useful to know how these principle work.19)The solutions to real problems cannot

9、be seen in advance.20)Success in life often starts with a job we like.答案1)主语是名词Most adults。2)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.。3)主语是不定式To tell the difference between the two 。4)主语是动名词短语having a family 。5)主语是名词Successful language learners。6)主语是主语从句What is accepted as true 。7)主语是动词They。8)主语是数词4671363 。9)主语是名词The movie 。10)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式 to be invited to your country.11)主语是动名词短语 learning a language 。12)主语是动词不定式短语What to do next 。13)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.14)祈使句，主语you被省略了。15)主语是数词12。16)主语是名词The waiter 。17)主语是动名词Advertising。18)it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to know how these principle work.19)主语是名词短语The solutions to real problems 。20)主语是名词短语Success in life 。第二讲 谓

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