语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版
5页1、Chapter 44.1 syntactic(句法的) relations4.1.1 positional relation(位置关系)For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause.Positional relation or word order refers to the sequential(有序的) arrangement of words in a language.Positional relation are a manifestation(表现)of one aspect of syntagmatic relations Word order is among the three basic ways (word order genetic and classification) to classify language
2、 words.Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO.4.1.2 relation of substitutability(可代替性)Firstly relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable of each other grammatically in sentence with the same structure.Secondly it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.This is what Saussure called associative(联想的) relations or in Hjemslevs paradigmatic(纵聚性的) relation
3、.4.1.3 relation of co-occurrence(共现)Means words of different sets of clauses may permit pr require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to from a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic rations partly to paradigmatic relations.4.2 grammatical construction and its constituents4.2.1 Grammatical constructionAny syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to certain complex lexemes(词位)4.2.2 imme
4、diate constituents(直接成分)Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: This is tree diagram. 在句子结构分析中, 成分用来指任何语言单位, 而该单位又是更大语言单位的一部分,如在The girl ate the apple 本身的(A) the boy(B) ate the apple (C)都是一个成分,成分可以和其他成分组合组成更大的单位, 如果两个成分B(the boy )C (ate the apple)结合起来形成一个更高的成分A Word-level N=nounA=adjectiveV=verbP=prepositionDet=determinerAdv=adverbConj=conjunctionPhrasalNP=noun phraseAP=adjective phraseVP=verb phrasePP=preposition phraseS=sentence or
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