内科学结核性胸膜炎(大课)
45页1、Tuberculous Pleural Effusion,结核性胸膜炎,Anatomy: 解剖学: Visceral pleura 脏层胸膜 Parietal pleura 壁层胸膜 Latent space 潜在腔隙,I. Etiology and Pathogenesis I. 病因和发病机制 Etiology : Mycobacterium tuberculosis 病因:结核分枝杆菌,Discovered by Dr.Koch in 1882 由Dr.Koch 于1882年发现 Acid-fast 抗酸染色,Pathogenesis :two theories 发病机制:两种学说 Delayed hypersensitive reaction 迟发性高敏反应 Pleural infection 胸膜感染,II. Pathology 病理变化 1.Pleural congestion with cell infiltration, unilateral in most cases. 胸膜充血,细胞浸润,多数病例累及单侧胸膜 In the early stage, polymorp
2、hs predominate. 早期以多型核细胞为主 Typically, lymphocytes predominate. 典型表现以淋巴细胞为主,2. Tuberculous nodules 结核结节 3. Exudative effusion 渗出液,Clinical Features III. 临床表现,Symptoms 症状 Age, often seen in young people, but also in elderly people 1. 年龄,多见于年轻人,但也可见于老年人 Fever, typically 37-38C, but can be 39C 2. 发热,典型者37-38C,但也有39C者,Chest pain, more severe when there is only little fluid. 3. 胸痛,胸水少时明显 Breathlessness, when there is a lot of fluid. 4. 气短,胸水多时明显,Physical signs 体征 Inspection: fullness of chest in the i
3、nvolved side. 1. 视诊:患侧胸廓饱满 2. Palpation: trachea shifts to the other side, weakness of vocal fremitus . 2. 触诊:气管向健侧移位,触觉语颤减低,3. Percussion: dullness in the involved side. 3. 叩诊:患侧实音 4. Auscultation: disappearance of breathing sound 4. 听诊:患侧呼吸音消失,IV. Lab. Examinations IV. 实验室检查,1. Chest X-ray 胸片 Fluid is visible only when more than 300 ml. 胸水超过300ml时胸片可以发现 CT is needed in a few cases. 少数病例需做CT,Pericardial effusion 心包积液,2. Ultrasonic examination 超声检查 More accurate than X-rays. 诊断胸水比X线准确 Can provid
4、e vital information for thoracentesis. 能为胸腔穿刺术提供关键资料,3. Thoracentesis and fluid examination - essential 胸腔穿刺术诊断的关键,(1)Fluid routine - exudate 胸水常规渗出液 specific gravity 1.018; 比重 1.018 WBC 500106/L, predominated by polymorphs at early stage and lymphocytes later; 白细胞计数 500106/L, 早期以多型核细胞为主,以后以淋巴细胞为主 protein 3gram/dl. 蛋白含量 3gram/dl,(2) Acid-fast staining for acid-fast bacilli (not sensitive). (2)抗酸染色(不敏感) (3) Culture for tuberculous bacilli (time consuming). (3) 结核杆菌培养(费时间) (4) Others: culture for
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