education-east-vs.-west中西方教育对比

1、EDUCATION: CHINA VS. AMERICA,The official Institutions (官学）：originated during the western Zhou Dynasty, sponsored by the official constitution, only for the children of the nobles. The Private School(私学）：result of the contention of hundreds of schools of philosophy, run by the local scholars, highly developed in the Song Dynasty.,The Civil Service Examination System (keju 科舉) , The “Fifth Invention” Honour Roll Zhuangyuan 状元 bangyan 榜眼 tanhua 探花,The National Three Hall System, 1102-1121,Six Arts

2、(六艺) ritual; music; archery; driving; calligraphy and mathematics 礼（礼节）、乐（音乐）、射（射箭） 御（驾车）、书（识字）、数（算数）,Multiple sources Confucian ideals “To learn, and then have occasion to practice what you have learned is this not satisfying?” 學而時習之，不亦樂乎？ “In education there should be no class distinctions.” 有教無類。 “Having in the morning heard the Way, one could die that evening without regret!” 朝聞道，夕死可矣！,Abolishment of Examinations, 1905 Impacts on the countryside May Fourth Movement, 1919 Chinese Communist Re

3、volution Socialist education Reorganization of higher education, 1952 Soviet curriculum Establishment of technological schools Cancellation of social science departments Recent development Rapid growth State controlled institutions Western influences Practical concerns,Soviet institutions,Ivan Andreyevich Kairov 凯洛夫 (1893-1978) Soviet educator Principles: party spirit, state-oriented Moral education: Communist world view, nationalism Pedagogy Centered on the classroom Teacher-centered Standardiz

4、ed curriculum Fixed conclusions and answers Emphasizing sciences and technologies Organizational methods Class adviser (banzhuren 班主任) Class committee (banweihui 班委会),United States Colonial period Boston Latin School, 1635 (High school) Harvard, 1636; William and Mary College, 1693; Yale, 1701; Princeton, 1747 After 1776 Growth of public schools John Dewey (1859-1952) “Progressive Education” Purpose of education Not to acquire skills and knowledge But to realize ones full potential,Principles pa

5、rticipation discussion critical thinking open environment Learning by doing,师者，所以传道授业解惑也。 It takes a teacher to transmit wisdom, impart knowledge and resolve doubts. 师道尊严 Dignity of the teaching profession 一日为师，终身为父。 A teacher for a day is a father for a lifetime.,Academic achievement STEM performance,Sample GRE Math Question,Sample Chinese Graduate School Entrance Examination Question,Quality of higher educational institutions 15 out of 20 best world universities are in the US,CWUR, 2014,Times

6、Higher Education, 2013-14,Economic resources 7.3% of GDP used for education in the US $11,000-$15,000 per student Compared to Japan ($8,000) and South Korea ($7,000) Rich elite universities Harvards Endowment: $32 billion,Academic environment Global vision (Examples from Cornell University) Area studies Africana Studies Asian Studies China and Asia-Pacific Studies German Studies Jewish Studies Latin American Studies Latino Studies Near Eastern Studies South Asian Studies Thematic studies Globali

7、zation, Ethnicity & Development Inequality Studies International Development Studies Minority, Indigenous and Third World Studies,WHY?,Academic environment Resources Cornell University Library 9 million volumes; 1.3 million Asian books 5 million article downloads per year Harvard University Library 16 million volumes; 1.4 million Asian books Library of Congress Largest library in the world More than 100 million items in 470 languages Asian Division,Library of Congress,Chinese education Solid pri

8、mary & secondary education Emphasizing STEM learning State-oriented Rapid development in recent decades American education Resources Academic environment Assessment Global perspective Society-oriented,希望工程 Project Hope 学龄儿童 school-ager 人才枯竭 exhaustion of human resources 辍学（失学）青少年 school dropout/ leaver 学分制 the credit system 德才兼备 to combine ability with character 政治思想教育 political and ideological education 自学成才 to become educated through independent study 启发式教育 elicitation method of teaching 填鸭式教学

9、法 cramming/forced-feeding method of teaching 普及教育 universal education 义务教育 compulsory education 发挥学生主动性、创造性 to give scope to the students initiative and creativeness 培养学生自学能力 to foster the students ability to study on their own,Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with productive labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually, and physically. The general goal of Chinas educational development is to set up a basic framework for a socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century. In order to achieve this goal, the state has formulated a strategy for educational development.,Its main points are: improving the quality of education, stressing efficiency in school management, adjusting the educational structure, adhering to a coordinated and balanced program of development, in

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