国际市场营销2课件
24页1、国际市场营销,International marketing,Which internationalization philosophy best describes the Disney Abroad? Ethnocentric orintation American culture Tokyo Pairs Hongkong,Chapter 2. The International Marketing Environment (),Government Barriers: National governments, especially governments in developing countries, keep a tight control over foreign investment. Tarrif Barries Non-tarrif Barries,International Competition:. -blocking channels of distribution -binding retailers into exclusive agreements -s
2、lashing prices temporarily to prevent product adopetion,. Regional economic integration 区域经济一体化 1942 - 1950 refers to agreements amony countries in a geographic region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other.,一个地理区域内各国一致同意减少并最终消除关税和非关税壁垒,以便做到相互之间商品,服务和生产要素的自由流动。 Several levels of economic integration Free Trade Area (自由贸易区) Customs Union (关税同盟) Common Market (共同市场) Economic Union (经济联盟) Poli
3、tical Union (政治联盟),1) Free Trade Area(自由贸易区) a) No barriers to trade among members b) Each country maintains its own trade barriers for nonmembers. Key: 各个成员国之间商品和服务的所有壁垒都没取消 Ex: EFTA (The European Free Trade Association) (欧洲自由贸易区) 1) established in 1960 2) 8-4 countries 3) free trade in industrial goods,NAFTA 北美自由贸易区,The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) created the worlds largest free market. 417 million U.S., Canadian, and Mexican consumers and a total output of $11trillion.,Backgro
4、und Janpan and EU 1980 Reagan 1983 Canada 1985-1988 American & Canada 1992 American & Canada & Mexico 1994 Bill Clinton becoming law in January 1,1994, the contents of NAFTA: -abolition of tariffs: 99% of goods -removal of most barriers on service -protection of intellectual property rights -removal of most restriction on FDI -application of national environmental standards -two commissions: for health, safety, wages or child labor.,Argument: Agriculture American & Mexico,2).Customs Union,a)No t
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