英语语法：倒装,虚拟

1、一 倒装,二 虚拟语气,倒装句分为全部倒装（将整个谓语置于主语之前）和部分倒装（把谓语的一部分，如be，have，助动词、情态动词等置于主语之前）。,一、使用全部倒装的情况 1.therebe/lie/stand/live/seem/appear/exist/come/go/seem句型中。 There will be a sports meet in our school next week.下周我们学校要举行运动会。 There goes the ambulance.救护车来了。,2.表示地点、方向、时间的副词（here, out, in,up, down, back off, away, now, then等）位于句首时。谓语动词多为表示运动的不及物动词（go, come, leave, move, run, rush, jump等）。,Here is a telegram for you.这儿有你一封电报。,Down jumped the man from the horse.那人从马上跳下来。,在上述情况中，主语是代词时，则不用倒装。如：,There he comes!他来了

2、！,In he came and the meeting began.他进来，会议就开始了。,3.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。如：,Between the two buildings stands a tall pine.两座楼之间有棵大松树。 Along the dusty road came a great many tourists.沿着尘土飞扬的道路来了许多游客。,4.为了保持句子平衡、衔接得当或强调表语或状语，而把分词短语或形容词置于句首时。如：,Sitting at the back of the room was a shy girl with two big eyes. 一个长着两只大眼睛的腼腆女孩坐在屋子的后面。,Written on the blackboard are the names of those who were late yesterday.黑板上写着昨天迟到者的名单。,二、使用部分倒装的情况,1.only修饰的状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）位于句首时。如：,Only after three operations was he able to wa

3、lk without sticks.做过三次手术之后，他才能不用拐杖行走。 Only with more practice can you pass the driving test.只有多练习你才能通过驾驶考试。,但only修饰主语时，则不倒装,Only that girl knew how to work out the problem.只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。,2.含有否定意义的副词（never, seldom, little, few, not, nowhere等）位于句首时。,Seldom in all my life have l met such a brave man. 我一生很少见过这么勇敢的人,Never did she care about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.虽然她处于极大的危险之中，但她根本不顾自己的安全,3.not until位于句首时,Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what

4、heat is.直到19世纪初，人们才知道热是何物。,在复合句中，只有主句用倒装，until引导的从句不倒装。如：,Not until he loses his health will he give up drinking. 他直到失去健康才会戒酒。,4.在no sooner.than., hardly/scarcely/barely.when.结构中，前面部分位于句首时，其后的分句要部分倒装（谓语用过去完成时）。如：,Hardly had the baby seen the dog when she cried.那女婴一看到狗就哭了起来。,NO sooner had the interpreter returned home than he was told to go to another country.那位翻译刚踏进国门就又受命要去他国。,5.not only.(but also).位于句首引导两个分句时，前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。如：,Not only does he teach in school, but he writes novels.他

5、不但在学校教书，而且还写小说。,Not only did she speak correctly, but also she spoke fluently.她不但说得正确，而且说得流利。,6.so/neither/nor开头的句子，说明前面的内容也适用于后者时，用倒装句,“so/neither/nor be/have/助动词情态动词主语”。,She has been to Dalian and so have I.她去过大连，我也去过。,John cant speak Japanese, nor can Helen. 约翰不会讲日语，海伦也不会。,但同意对方的看法，表示“是的、确实”之意时，用“so+主语be/have助动词情态动词”句式，即主谓不倒装。目前考查这种句式的省份较多。如：,Maggie had a wonderful time at the pany. _, and so did I. A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she,7.as/thoush引导让步状语从句时，可将谓语部分的形容词名词动词等提到

6、句首，采用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。如,Brave as they were, the danger made them afraid.尽管他们很勇敢，但这样的危险仍使他们感到畏惧。,8.在so/such.that.结构中，so/such及其修饰部分位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。如：,So beautiful was the girl that she won the championship in the beauty contest.那女孩那么漂亮，她在选美比赛中获得冠军。,Such an instructive speech did he make that all the listeners were moved.他发表的演说那么有教育意义，以至于所有的听众都很感动。,9.在含有were/had/should虚拟条件句中，省去if，把这三个词放在句首时。如：,Were she here now(=If she were here now), she would take good care of her parents.如果她现在在这儿，她就能照顾她

7、的父母了。,Had you attended the graduate ceremony(=If you had attended the graduate ceremony), I should have seen you.要是你参加了毕业典礼，我就会见到你了。,10.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。如,May you be happy!祝你幸福！,虚拟语气 一、真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。,If he comes， he will bring his violin.,The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.,1)在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall， will.,If you leave now， you will never regret it.,2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。,二、由IF条件从句引导的表假设的虚拟语气。,If they were here， they would help you.,If h

8、e had come yesterday， I should / would have told him about it,If you should succeed， everything would be all right.,Attention:虚拟语气混合条件句有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句,If you had asked him yesterday， you would know what to do now.,三、在从句中的应用,1）在主语从句中的应用,It is demanded / necessary / a pity /suggested/ ordered/required proposed/ demanded/ requested/ insisted importantnecessary naturalimperativestrange no wonder + that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。,2）在宾语从句中的应用,在表示命令、建

9、议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order， suggest， propose， require， demand， request， insist， command， insist + （should） do等,3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用,suggestion， proposal， idea， plan， order， advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如,I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.,He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。,Your pale face suggests that you are ill.,4）wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构 发生在主句动作之前 had + 过去分词；与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用were ) 发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should + 原形动词,I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。 I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。 He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。,I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高,He wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲过那样的话。,I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了,5）.英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构 过去had + 过去分词； 现在过去时(be 用were ) 将来过去时(be 用were ),

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