(黄世忠)财务报表粉饰与分析

1、2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,1,财务报表粉饰与分析,黄世忠 教授Ph.D CPA MBA厦门大学管理学院副院长电话：0592-2513179 13906016965电子邮件：,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,2,讲 授 大 纲,美国上市公司报表粉饰概述 美国上市公司报表粉饰的典型手段 CFE调查报告总结的典型手段 AICPA最新审计准则对舞弊的描述 SEC前主席Arthur Levitt的观点 审计总署（GAO）的调查 中国上市公司报表粉饰的典型手段 报表粉饰的传统手段 报表粉饰的现代手段 中国上市公司报表粉饰典型案例分析 财务报表分析框架（Harward Model of F.S.A) 附录：Sarbanes-Oxley Act 简要介绍该法案对独立董事的启示，特别是与CPA沟通应注意的问题,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,3

2、,Overview of Financial Fraud,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,4,Biggest U.S Bankruptcies Since 1980,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,5,Debts owned to Banks and Institutional Investors by WorldCom ( Total Assets: BV $ 107 billion; MV $15 billion; Total Debts $41 billion),$ in million,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,6,Merck Faked Revenue,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,7,Financial Frauds and Independent

3、 Directors,Overview of financial frauds or earnings management其他公司 Microsoft, GE, IBM, Boeing, Lucent, Cisco, Oracle, AOL, Nortel, Qwest, Tyco, Global Crossing, Cendant, WMX, Sunbeam, Adelphia,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,8,CFEs Classification Scheme,Fraud,Corruption,Asset Misappropriation,Fraudulent Statements,Conflicts of Interest,Bribery,Illegal Gratuities,Economic Extortion,Cash,Fraudulent Disbursements,Inventories and All Other Assets,Bogus Revenue,Timing Diffe

4、rences,Concealed L & E,Improper Disclosure,Improper Valuation,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,9,CFE: Duration of by Scheme Type,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,10,CFE: Initial Detection of Fraud,发现舞弊方法及比例 雇员举报 26.3% 偶然发现 18.8% 内部控制 18.6% 内部审计 15.4% 外部审计 11.5% 客户举报 8.6% 匿名举报 6.2% 卖方举报 5.1% 执法部门通报 1.7%,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,11,CFE: Effective Measures to Prevent Fraud,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures o

5、f Window Dressing,12,SAS 99 :Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit,AICPA恢复公众信任的一个重大举措 2002.10.15，AICPA发布采纳SAS 99的决定 取代SAS 82 （1996） 自2002年12月15日生效 SAS将在2002年10月末或11月初正式颁布,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,13,Significant Changes in the New Fraud Standard,4个重大变化 进一步强调职业怀疑（Professional Skepticism)的重要性 对舞弊及其特征进行描述 要求审计小组应当直面舞弊 应当具有职业怀疑的心态（Mindset of PS)重大变化 实施意想不到的审计测试（Unpredictable Audit Tests) 对客户没料到的地区、场所和账户进行测试 对管理当局逾越控制（Override of Control)作出反映 提出测试管理当局逾

6、越控制的审计程序,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,14,Description and Characteristics of Fraud,1个关键要素 舞弊是蓄意行为（Intentional Behavior) 舞弊是个法律概念，CPA不对某项行为是否属于舞弊作出法律决定 舞弊与差错的差别在于是否故意造成错报或漏报 实际工作中难以判断，如不合理会计估计（Unreasonable Accounting Estimates) 2种舞弊类型 虚假财务报告产生的错报 Misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting 挪用资产产生的错报 Misstatements arising from misappropriation of Assets,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,15,Description and Characteristics of Fraud,

7、3个必备条件 动机或压力 Management or employees have an incentive or are under pressure 机会 Circumstances exist (e.g. absence of control, ineffective control, ability of management to override controls) that provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated 理由 Those involved are able to rationalize a fraudulent act as being consistent with their personal code of ethics,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,16,Triangle of Fraud,Albrecht el.al 提出的舞弊铁三角,Pressure,Opportunity,Rationalizat

8、ion,Fraud,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,17,Arthur Levitts Comments on “ Number Game”,5 Methods Game Playing identified by Levitt Big-bath charges ( 洗大澡或巨额冲销） Creative acquisition accounting （创造性并购会计） Cook-jar reserves （甜饼盒式准备金） Revenue recognition （收入确认） Materiality （重大性）,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,18,GAO : Restatement by Reason, 1997-2002,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,19,中国上市公司报表粉饰典型手段,报表粉饰的传统手段 收入确认 虚拟资产

9、期间费用资本化 股权投资 存货及应收账款 其他应收应付款 报表粉饰的现代手段 资产重组 关联交易 资产评估 补贴收入 八项准备 会计调整,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,20,A公司的财务图象 (单位：万元）,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,21,A公司 2001年度减值明细表(单位：万元）,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,22,三、A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,A公司对巨额坏账的解释 应收账款的坏账准备 关联公司,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,23,A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,非关联方欠款：S Co.Ltd, Au Co.Ltd，其他出口经商商、国内客户,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Windo

10、w Dressing,24,A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,其他应收账款的坏账准备 关联公司,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,25,A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,其他应收账款的坏账准备 非关联公司,2018/9/29,Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing,26,A公司的八大疑点,巨额坏账准备与以前年度收入确认的关系？ 在本年度主营业务收入只有5187万元的情况下，为何本年度增加对关联方的应收账款竟达到25,436万元？ 为何本年对非关联方增加的应收账款高达8496万元？ 本年度对关联方的应收账款和其他应收款计提的坏账准备高达93,280万元，主要理由是联系不到。为何联系不到？谁应当承担责任？是否存在违法违规行为？以前年度坏账准备计提比率为何如此之低？ 本年度对非关联方的应收账款和其他应收款计提的坏账准备也高达70,386万元，主要理由是联系不到或资不抵债。是否存在违法违规行为？以前年度坏账准备计提比率为何如此之低？ 应收关联方和非关联方的上述款项全额计提坏账准备，累计金额高达206,302万元。背后的真实故事是什么？虚假收入？收入确认违反规定？关联公司和非关联公司逃废债务？将来若由收回，如何进行会计处理？ 全额计提的坏账若今后又收回，如何进行会计处理？ 对这样的丧失持续经营能力（净资产-225,724万元）、应收账款内部控制缺失、随意计提巨额坏账的公司，CPA发表无保留意见的依据何在？,

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