乳腺癌的分子生物学进展(二)
45页1、Figure: Amplification of the EGFR gene in human breast carcinoma. The EGFR gene, becomes amplified and is seen either as extra chromosomal double minutes or as a chromosomally integrated, homogeneously staining region. Adapted from Robbins Basic PathologyEGFREGFRInsensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals: tumor suppressor genes The proteins that apply brakes to cell proliferation are the products of tumor suppressor genes, which can be inactivated by epigenetic (表观遗传学,gene hypermethylation) and
2、genetic alterations (gene mutation/deletion). lTP53: mutationlP16: gene hypermethylation or mutation or mutationlPTEN: mutation mutation Figure: genetic gene silencingFigure: the dynamics of epigenetic gene silencing Figure: epigenetic silencingEpigenetics affects genes expressionEpigenetics affects genes expressionl ltumor suppressor genes, such astumor suppressor genes, such as p16 (INK4a)p16 (INK4a), , p15 p15 (INK4b)(INK4b), , p14 (ARF) p14 (ARF) and and adenomatousadenomatous polyposis coli
3、 polyposis coli (APC)(APC)l lDNA repair genes, such as human DNA repair genes, such as human Mut L homologue Mut L homologue 1 1 (hMLH1)(hMLH1), , glutathione S-transferase P1 glutathione S-transferase P1 ( (GSTP1, 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶P1 ) and and O6-methylguanine-DNA O6-methylguanine-DNA methytransferase methytransferase (MGMT)(MGMT)l lgenes related to metastasis and invasion, such as genes related to metastasis and invasion, such as E-E- cadherin cadherin (CDH1),(CDH1), tissue inhibitor of tissue inhibit
4、or of metalloproteinase-3 metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3)(TIMP3) and and death associated death associated protein kinase (DAPK)protein kinase (DAPK) Epigenetics affects genes mutationEpigenetics affects genes mutationl lCytosine methylation in the coding region of genes can increase Cytosine methylation in the coding region of genes can increase mutation rates because of the spontaneous hydrolytic mutation rates because of the spontaneous hydrolytic deamination of methylated cytosine, which causes
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