语言学教程+Chapter+Three(下载)
47页1、 Chapter 3 Lexicon 3.1 What is word? 3.1.1 Three senses of “Word” 3.1.2 Identification of Words 3.1.3 Classification of Words 3.2 The Formation of Word 3.2.1 Morpheme and morphology 3.2.2 Types of Morphemes 3.2.3 Inflection and Word Formation 3.3 Lexical Change 3.3.1 Lexical Change Proper 3.3.2 Morpho-syntactical Change 3.3.3 Semantic Change 3.3.4 Phonological Change 3.3.5 Orthographic change 3.1 What is word? Traditionally the smallest of the units that make up a sentence, and marked as such in
2、 writing. In practice, words are established by various criteria. First, They are generally the smallest units that can form an utterance on their own. In Bloomfields terminology , they are minimal free forms. Second, There are often restrictions on their phonetic make-up: e.g. English words cannot begin with or . Third, the position of a stress or other accent is often fixed. It is determined by the boundaries of words or their syllable structure. Forth, elements within words show greater cohes
3、ion than larger units: thus stems and affixes cannot be separated except by other affixes. Nor does the order of their elements tend to vary. 3.1.1 Three senses of “Word”First, A physically definable unitWord may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.Phonological: Orthographic: It is wonderful.Grammatical: it (pronoun), is (linking), wonderful (adjective) Three words are recognized.We can identify a word from the view point of phonology and by grammat
4、ical criteria. Second, Word both as general term and as a specific term. Third, a grammatical unit, Discourse clause phrase word morphemeAccording to Halliday, it means “successively larger grammatical units.” For example, in My brother came on Saturday. The successive words are units of one rank; the successive phrases (my brother, came, on Saturday) are units of the higher rank, the clause as a whole is the highest rank.Lexeme (词位) means a word considered as a lexical unit, in abstraction from
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