细胞生物学198-14-1胚胎发育、分化与调控
55页1、1,第十三章,胚胎发育、 分化与调控,2, 个体发育(individual development) 从受精卵形成胚胎,再由胚胎生长发育成个 体的过程称为个体发育。 从形态上看,个体发育过程经历: 生长(growth)、 分化(differentiation) 形态发生(morphogenesis)。 细胞分化 细胞的后代在形态、结构和功能上发生差异的过程称为细胞分化,其本质是基因选择性表达的结果,即基因表达调控的结果。,3,细胞分化,4,13.1 配子发生与受精作用,13.1.1 配子发生(gametogenesis) Male gamete and female gamete: 动物和植物的雌配子通常称为卵 (ova或egg); 雄配子称为精子(sperm) 配子形成的过程称为配子发生,5,Oogenesis,大多数动物的卵子发生在卵巢; 增殖期(proliferation phase) 卵原细胞(oogonia)通过有丝分裂 增加细胞数量; 经过增殖之后,卵原细胞进行减数分裂,此时的卵原细胞被称为卵母细胞(oocyte); 经减数分裂,染色体发生遗传重组,并将染色体组的数量减半成
2、为单倍体。,6, 滤泡细胞(follicular cell) 滤泡细胞是卵母细胞周围的细胞,为卵母细 胞提供其他的物质; 抚育细胞(nurse cell) 为无脊椎动物,如昆虫的卵母细胞生长提供支持。抚育细胞与卵母细胞是由相同的细胞系产生的; 卵母细胞在发育过程中具有显著的不对称性,卵母细胞的一端称为植物极(vegetal pole),具有大量的卵黄小体和储备营养。相反的一端称为动物极(animal pole),含有较少的储备营养,但含有细胞核、核糖体、内质网、线粒体和色素颗粒。,7,The stages of oogenesis,8,An egg is highly specialized for independent development with large nutrient reserves and an elaborate coat,9,The egg cytoplasm contains nutritional reserves in the form of yolk, which is rich in lipids, proteins, and polysacchar
3、ides and is usually contained within discrete structures called yolk granules. The egg coat is another peculiarity(特殊结构) of eggs. It is a specialized form of extracellular matrix consisting largely of glycoprotein molecules, some secreted by the egg and others deposited on it by surrounding cells. In many species, the major coat is a layer immediately surrounding the egg plasma membrane; in nonmammalian eggs, such as those of sea urchins or chickens, it is called the vitelline layer(卵黄层), wherea
4、s in mammalian eggs it is called the zona pellucidu(透明带).,10,The zona pellucida,11,Cortical granules(皮质颗粒) : Many eggs (including those of mammals) contain specialized secretory vesicles just under the plasma membrane in the outer region, or cortex, of the egg cytoplasm. When the egg is activated by a sperm, these cortical granules release their contents by exocytosis; the contents of the granules act to alter the egg coat so as to prevent more than one sperm from fusing with the egg. Cortical g
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