第三讲-语法的考查重1

第三讲 语法的考查重点二、虚拟语气 英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有28题之多，占词汇/语法总数的15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。 1.条件句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下各题： 1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (1999.1) A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled C. won't smile D. didn't smile 2) _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 3) _before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1) A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5) _ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6) A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 6) Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.(1997.6) A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through 7) If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C B. 评析 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去完成时，或were to/should +原形动词，而主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。 如1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如： If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldn't have bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。 如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的结构，如1）。 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动词，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。 if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if。考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如2）3）5）。 If it weren't/hadn't been for 以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是的话" 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用would，应特别注意。 Self-practice 上面我们一起分析了虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的考查特点和解题规律，下面请自己做以下语法分词第十一章第一节的有关题目，进行自测。 2含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 Test Yourself 首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。 1) Some women _a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made (2000.1) 2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6) Explanation and Expansion A参考答案 1）D 2）A B评析 含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有： But for/Without, 主句 But for/Without your help, we wouldn't have accomplished the task on time. , otherwise/or He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work. 上面2）题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have telephoned的结构。 分词/不定式，主句 Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time, we could have done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ，thought/but Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job, but he didn't apply for it. 上面的1）题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的薪水。 Self-practice 下面同学们试做一下语法分册150页有关含蓄条件句的几道题。 3名词性从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵循。 1) Wouldn't you rather your child _ to bed early?(2000.1) A.go B.went C.would go D.goes 2) Mike's uncle insists _ in this hotel.(2000.1) A.staying not B.not to stay C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay 3) Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived 4) It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.(2000.1) A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent 5) It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. (1995.6) A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started 6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.(1998.6) A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be out off 7) The suggesti