5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解.doc

英语中的五种基本句型结构一、句型1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.二、句型2：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。三、句型3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。四、句型4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.五、句型5： Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词) 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。独立主格结构一） 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。二） 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。三） With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题：Weather_, we'll go out for a walk.A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。不能“以貌取意”的常见句型例析1This is the last thing I would ever want to do      这是我最不愿做的一件事情。      【析】“the last to do；the last 定语从句”中的last的意思为“least willing/likely”，译为“最不愿意；最不可能”。      He's the last man I want to see他是我最不想见的人。      He is the last person to tell a lie他是最不可能撒谎的人。      She's the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner她是我在宴会上最不愿与之挨着坐的女人。 2One can't be too honest      人越老实越好。      【析】句中“cannottoo”意为“无论怎样也不过分”或“越越好”。该句型中的not可以换成 hardly，never或scarcely；too可以换成 over或enough等，意思不变。     You cannot be too carefulYou cannot be over carefulYou cannot be careful enough