美国essay写作-The formation of federalism in the United States

essay写作网（www.lxws.net）-专业留学生作业辅导中心美国essay写作-The formation of federalism in the United StatesInstitutional change refers to the process of system replacement, transformation and transaction, which is the process of combining new system with suiting and discarding old system. Institutional change is a dynamic process. In this process, it involves who initiates the system change, why to carry on the system change, how to carry on the system change, the effect of the system change and so on. According to north, an American scholar of institutional change theory, "institutional change is the way in which institutions are created, changed and broken along with the changes in practice. The parameters of structural change include technology, population, property rights and government's control over resources, etc., which constitute the source of long-term economic growth."制度变迁是指制度更替、转型和交易的过程，是新制度与适应、废弃旧制度相结合的过程。制度变迁是一个动态过程。在这个过程中，涉及到谁发起系统变更，为什么进行系统变更，如何进行系统变更，系统变更的影响等。美国的制度变迁理论学者诺斯认为，“制度变迁是随着实践的变迁而产生、改变和打破制度的方式。结构变化的参数包括技术、人口、产权和政府对资源的控制等，构成了长期经济增长的源泉。”Generally speaking, there are two causes of institutional change, namely exogenous change and endogenous change. Exogenous change refers to the specific institutional change caused by some social factors that do not belong to the system. These factors are accumulated in the long-term evolution process. These cumulative variables can be economic, political, military or even ideological, such as population growth and migration, technological progress, rise and spread of religions, etc. Endogenous change refers to the evolution caused by the incoordination within the system. The root of institutional change lies in the internal of the system, which exists in the conflicts of interests among the actors living under the system. The change of external conditions can accelerate or delay the process of institutional change only through the influence of internal factors.一般来说，制度变迁有两个原因，即外生变迁和内生变迁。外生变化是指由一些不属于制度的社会因素引起的特定的制度变迁。这些因素是在长期演化过程中积累起来的。这些累积变量可以是经济变量、政治变量、军事变量，甚至是意识形态变量，如人口增长和迁移、技术进步、宗教的兴起和传播等。内生变化是指系统内部不协调导致的进化。制度变迁的根源在于制度的内在，制度变迁存在于制度下行动者之间的利益冲突中。外部条件的变化只能通过内部因素的影响来加速或延缓制度变迁的进程。The theory of institutional change can reveal the law behind the transformation from one system to another, and provide theoretical guidance for us to study the replacement and innovation of institutions. The development of society is a microcosm of the history of institutional development and the history of institutional change. The theory of institutional change has unique explanatory power for the innovation, replacement and transformation of institutions. In the following paragraphs, the author will specifically analyze the formation of American federalism based on the theory of institutional change.制度变迁理论可以揭示制度变迁背后的规律，为我们研究制度的更替与创新提供理论指导。社会发展是制度发展史和制度变迁史的缩影。制度变迁理论对制度的创新、更替和转型具有独特的解释力。在下文中，笔者将以制度变迁理论为基础，具体分析美国联邦制的形成。In the early days of the founding of the United States, the confederate system was practiced. The articles of confederation, which came into force in 1781 with the approval of 13 states, marked the United States as a confederate state. But the confederate system was not appropriate for the United States. The U.S. constitution of 1787 created a new political system, federalism. The creation of federalism is the embodiment of institutional change. We can analyze the formation of American federalism from the perspective of the causes of institutional change.Exogenous change refers to the specific institutional change caused by some social factors that do not belong to the system. After the independence of the United States, the confederacy was established at the beginning. The states had great powers, which allowed them to issue money, levy taxes, recruit and maintain troops. The central government has no other power than diplomatic and postal power, and the central government has no binding force on local governments. With the further development of American society and economy, the disadvantages of the confederacy system appeared. As the states are independent from each other, market segmentation, currency and tax system are not unified, and trade frictions among the members are serious, while the central government has no right to interfere in coordination, which greatly hinders the common economic interests of all member states. At the same time, it also affects national identity and unity. "I learned that an independent America is not made up of separate and distant territories, but of a united, vast, fertile nation, part of the free children of the west."Think from the Angle of endogenous change. Endogenous change refers to the evolution caused by the incoordination within the system. The root of institutional change lies in the internal of the system, which exists in the conflicts of interests among the actors living under the system. The confederate system implemented in the early days of the founding of the United States seriously restrict