英语词类与句子成分课件

一.英语词性,词性的学习与讲解,词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。,1 名词 noun 2 代词 pronoun 3 形容词 adjective 4 副词 adverb 5 动词 verb 6 数词 numeral 7 冠词 article 8 介词 preposition 9 连词 conjunction 10 感叹词 interjection,student You happy quickly cut three a at and oh,实词,虚词,二.句子成分,定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语,插入语。,英语的基本成分有九种： 主语（subject） 谓语（predicate） 宾语（object） 宾语补足语 (object complement） 表语（predicative） 定语（attribute） 状语 (adverbial) 同位语（appositive） 插入语（Parenthesis）,1.主语：是句子要说明的人或物，说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句皆可做主语。,1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist. 2) He reads newspapers everyday. 3) Two and ten is twelve. 4) Smoking is harmful to the health. 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure. 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,2.谓语,谓语 (Verb) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. 2、复合谓语： 由情态动词或其他助动词 + 动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,3.表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be,become)之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。,1)Wangs father is a doctor. （名词） 2) He is always careless. （形容词） 3) The basketball match is on. （副词） 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. （介词短语） 5) Our aim is to win more medals. （不定式） 6) His work is teaching French. （动名词短语） 7) The question is who can really repair the machines.（从句）,4.宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. 如把直宾置前，则要加上介词to/for 跟to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如 He sent the novel to William yesterday. 跟for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.,(3)形式宾语：若宾语是动词不定式，动名词或从 句，可用it作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其到宾补之后。,I found it difficult to finish the task in time. Do you consider it any good sending more people there? We have made it clear that we disagreed.,Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus. （双宾语） me 间接宾语 表示动作是对谁或为谁做的。 a novel 直接宾语 表示动作的直接承受者或结果。,5.宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.,We elected him monitor. （名词作宾补） We will make them happy. （形容词作宾补） We found nobody in. ( 副词作宾补) Please make yourself at home. （介词短语作宾补） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式作宾补） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式作宾补） Dont keep the fire burning. （现在分词作宾补） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词作宾补）,双宾语和宾补的区别,He gave me a book.(他给我一本书） 在这个句子中，me作间接宾语，a book作直接宾语。 如果一个句子中的某一个动词接了两个宾语，那么，指“人”的是间接宾语，指“物”的为直接宾语。而且，这两个宾语不能形成逻辑上的主谓关系，如，你不能说 I am a book. 如果一个动词后所接的两个宾语能够形成逻辑上的主谓关系，则是宾语和宾补的关系。例： We elected him monitor.在这个句子中，we作主语，elected作谓语，him为宾格，作宾语，monitor作宾语的补足语，而且，此句的宾语him可以和后面的monitor构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即：he is a monitor.,七.定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示： 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词短语作定语) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词短语作定语） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词作定语） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式作定语） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句作定语）,（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ： 1.Light travels most quickly. 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane. 5.Wait a minute. 6.Once you begin, you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类：,1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,6. She came in with a dictionary in