英国paper写作-Political corruption in the west

HotEssay论文网（www.ocscf.org）-专业paper写作,report写作辅导中心英国paper写作-Political corruption in the westParty politics is the priority choice under representative democracy, is an important way to realize democratic politics, and is an indispensable part of modern political civilization. It is therefore hard to imagine how politics in a modern democracy would be achieved without the participation of political parties. From the perspective of reality, party politics has become the most common form of political organization in today's world, except for a small number of traditional small countries and some countries with military dictatorships without political parties. As an organization that tries to occupy government positions to exert its influence in the country, a political party usually contains more than one kind of social interest, and therefore tries to "unite different social interests" to some extent. It not only has the organizational function of expanding political participation and absorbing appeals of public interests, but also undertakes the task of electing candidates, organizing the government through successful elections, transforming the appeals of absorbing and integrating the public into public policies, and realizing the effective governance of the society to meet the needs of public interests. In addition, political parties also play an important role in shaping political identity and integrating ideology and values. Therefore, huntington pointed out: "a country without political parties has no institutionalized means to produce lasting changes and defuse the impact of changes, and its political, economic and social modernization is greatly restricted. That is to say, a political system without political parties is inherently fragile. On the contrary, a modern and highly stable country has at least one strong political party. Interest groups, on the other hand, are groups with a common attitude. They realize the interests of individual groups by influencing the formulation and implementation of public policies. Under a strong political party system, interest groups are subordinate to political parties. However, since the middle of the 20th century, the western modernization has completely changed its social structure, weakened the representative system function of political parties and their social integration ability, and turned the diversified interest demands of the public to interest groups. In the current democratic political process, political parties need financial support from interest groups to make up for the weakening social foundation and win more votes. Interest groups need political parties to formulate and implement public policies to realize the interests of their members, and both of them form a situation of co-existence and co-prosperity. Political parties and interest groups as the main participants in the political market, is the pursuit of self-interest maximization of rationality, the frequent trading power and interests for a long time in the absence of strong institutional regulation will be corruption, public interest into special interest or private interests is legalized, it inevitably reduce the legitimacy of the ruling party base, party politics life threatening. In other words, how to regulate the extra-parliamentary activities of interest groups and reconstruct the relationship between political parties and interest groups will inevitably become the proper meaning of the corruption governance of political parties.政党政治是代议制民主下的优先选择，是实现民主政治的重要途径，是现代政治文明不可或缺的组成部分。因此，很难想象没有政党的参与，现代民主政治将如何实现。从现实来看，政党政治已成为当今世界最常见的政治组织形式，除了少数传统小国和一些没有政党的军事独裁国家。政党作为一个试图占据政府职位以在国家中发挥影响力的组织，通常包含不止一种社会利益，因此在一定程度上试图“统一不同的社会利益”。它不仅扩大政治参与的组织功能和吸收公共利益诉求,但也进行选举候选人的任务,组织通过成功的选举,政府将上诉吸收和整合公众转变为公共政策,和实现社会的有效治理,以满足公共利益的需要。此外，政党在塑造政治认同、整合意识形态和价值观方面也发挥着重要作用。因此，亨廷顿指出:“一个没有政党的国家，没有产生持久变革和化解变革影响的制度化手段，其政治、经济和社会现代化受到极大限制。”也就是说，一个没有政党的政治体系本质上是脆弱的。相反，一个现代化和高度稳定的国家至少有一个强大的政党。另一方面，利益集团是有着共同态度的群体。他们通过影响公共政策的制定和执行来实现个体群体的利益。在强大的政党制度下，利益集团从属于政党。然而，自20世纪中叶以来，西方现代化彻底改变了其社会结构，削弱了政党的代表制度功能及其社会整合能力，将公众多元化的利益诉求转向利益集团。在当前的民主政治进程中，政党需要利益集团的资金支持来弥补社会基础的薄弱，赢得更多的选票。利益集团需要政党制定和实施公共政策，以实现其成员的利益，两者形成共生共荣的局面。政党和利益集团在政治市场,作为主要参与者是理性的追求自身利益最大化,频繁的贸易大国和利益很长一段时间没有强有力的制度监管将腐败、公共利益为特殊利益或私人利益是合法的,它不可避免地减少执政党的合法性基础,政党政治威胁生命。换句话说，如何规范利益集团的议会外活动，重建政党与利益集团之间的关系，必然成为政党腐败治理的应有之义。With the development of social division of labor and specialization, the differentiation of social interests gradually highlights, and different interest groups are formed in the complex social conflicts. Now the interest groups are what the founders of the American republic called factions. James? Madison argues in federalist 10 that factions are bound together by some common interest or emotion, whether it be the majority or the minority of all citizens, whose interests conflict with the rights of other citizens or the long-term and general interests of society. The most common and lasting root cause of factional existence is the diversification and inequ