英国essay写作--影响19世纪英国医疗行业的因素

essay写作网（www.lxws.net）-专业留学生作业辅导中心英国essay写作-影响19世纪英国医疗行业的因素Medicine is a kind of science aiming at the treatment and prevention of physiological diseases and the improvement of human physiological body health. For example, knowledge of chemistry, bacteriology, anatomy and disinfection is often applied in the medical industry to treat diseases and promote health. Interdisciplinary integration is a feature of modern medicine, and the rapid development of professional knowledge of various disciplines in Britain in the 19th century led to the development of medical knowledge and the professionalization of the medical industry.医学是一门以治疗和预防生理疾病、改善人体生理健康为目的的科学。例如，化学、细菌学、解剖学和消毒学的知识经常应用于医疗行业，以治疗疾病和促进健康。跨学科融合是现代医学的一个特点，19世纪英国各学科专业知识的迅速发展导致了医学知识的发展和医学产业的专业化。There is a close relationship between chemistry and medicine, and the development of chemical knowledge plays an important role in the development of medical knowledge. Human beings and nature have the same chemical elements, and the human body is a complex chemical reaction system. All kinds of chemical reactions are going on all the time, but these reactions are more complex, more effective and more accurate than those in vitro. To some extent, the basic knowledge of chemistry in the 19th century was the basic requirement of becoming a practitioner, because at that time, many doctors made up their own medicine for their patients. Here's a good example of what chemistry has done to medicine: Joseph Priestley synthesized nitrous oxide in his laboratory in 1772, and British doctor Humphry Davy used it for surgery in 1800 to remove pain from the body. After 1846, ether and chloroform were used in medicine as analgesics. These drugs are laboratory chemicals, simple in composition, widely used in the medical industry, and once proven medically valuable, they are fine-tuned and carefully examined to determine their therapeutic properties. Disinfection method for surgery is very important, can significantly reduce the surgical mortality, but disinfection method in process, has been widely accepted by the medical profession, has encountered unprecedented difficulties, until the middle of the nineteenth century, the medical profession to the infectious disease is still no understanding, many doctors don't realize the necessity of disinfection, at a time when a surgeon for patients during the operation, put on the bloody gown, should not be regarded as not health, instead, let a person feel the doctor has rich experience in surgery. The real founder of surgical disinfection was surgeon Joseph Lister, who created a new set of disinfectants, and by spraying carbonic acid into the air in the operating room, there was a dramatic decrease in postoperative mortality. From 1861 to 1865, the postoperative mortality rate in male emergency wards was 45%, which was reduced to 15% by 1889. Liszt published his findings in The lancet on March 16, 1867. Since then, surgical disinfection has been constantly improved in practice and gradually become an effective and safe treatment. In 1886, Germany's bergman first used hot steam to sterilize surgical instruments. In the United States, hastert invented rubber surgical gloves in 1890, thereby eliminating the most important source of infection in surgery. The carbonic acid that lister USES before has stimulative, corrosive action to human body, and toxicity is quite big, not be ideal disinfectant, accordingly also be replaced by 75% alcohol, this series of gradual improvement, improvement forms modern disinfection method eventually.化学与医学有着密切的关系，化学知识的发展对医学知识的发展起着重要作用。人与自然具有相同的化学元素，人体是一个复杂的化学反应系统。各种化学反应一直在进行，但这些反应比体外反应更复杂、更有效、更准确。在某种程度上，19世纪的化学基础知识是成为一名医生的基本要求，因为当时许多医生为他们的病人配制了自己的药物。这是一个很好的例子：1772年，约瑟夫·普里斯特利在他的实验室合成了一氧化二氮，1800年，英国医生汉弗莱·戴维将其用于手术，以消除身体的疼痛。1846年后，乙醚和氯仿被用作药物止痛剂。这些药物是实验室化学药品，成分简单，广泛应用于医疗行业，一旦被证明具有医学价值，它们将被微调和仔细检查，以确定其治疗特性。手术消毒方法非常重要，可以显著降低手术死亡率，但消毒方法在过程中，已被医学界广泛接受，遇到了前所未有的困难，直到19世纪中叶，医学界对传染病仍不了解，许多医生不认识到消毒的必要性，在一个外科医生为病人做手术时，穿上血淋淋的长袍，不应视为不健康，相反，让人觉得医生在激增方面有丰富的经验。外科消毒的真正创立者是外科医师约瑟夫利斯特，他发明了一套新的消毒剂，通过向手术室的空气中喷洒碳酸，术后死亡率显著降低。从1861年到1865年，男性急诊室的术后死亡率为45%，到1889年降至15%。李斯特于1867年3月16日在柳叶刀上发表了他的发现。此后，外科消毒在实践中不断完善，逐渐成为一种有效、安全的治疗方法。1886年，德国的伯格曼首次使用热蒸汽对外科器械进行消毒。在美国，哈斯特在1890年发明了橡胶手术手套，从而消除了手术中最重要的感染源。李斯特以前使用的碳酸对人体有刺激、腐蚀作用，且毒性较大，不是理想的消毒剂，因此也被75%的酒精替代，这一系列的逐步改进，最终形成现代消毒方法。Code of Professional Ethics refers to the different tasks, objects of duties, means of work, conditions of activities and responsibilities of various trades and professions, so as to form their own unique moral consciousness, custom tradition and Code of conduct. Therefore, code of medical ethics is a code of conduct regulating the relationship between medical practitioners, patients and their counterparts. It is a special performance of general social morality in the field of medical and health care, which mainly adjusts the relationship between medical staff and patients, medical staff and the society. Throughout the 19th century, the problem of medical ethics