英语学术论文 写作 类型

Lecture 1: Types of Writing and General Introduction,For the postgraduates,Main Contents,1)What is an essay ? 2)Types Of Writing A) Descriptive Essay B) Narrative Essay C) Expository Essay D) Argumentative Essay 2) Research paper A) Term Paper B) Thesis C) Dissertation,Main Contents,4) What is involved in research paper writing ? A) Pre-writing Stage B) Writing Stage C) Post-writing Stage 5) Lay-out of the Lectures in this Term,What is an essay?,“An essay is a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject”. It can also be defined as “ an analytic or interpretative literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a limited or personal point of view”.,Structure of an Essay,An Essay has three mian parts: an introduction, a body and conclusion.,Diagram,Descriptive Essay描写,Narrative Essay叙述,Expository Essay说明,Argumentative Essay议论,Description,Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object or scene. “ a description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of ones senses sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.,Examples: person,“Chou En-lai arrived at the guest house for state visitors at 4:30. his gaunt, expressive face was dominated by piercing eyes, conveying a mixture of intensity and repose, of wariness and calm self-confidence. He wore an immaculately tailored gray Mao Tunic, at once simple and elegant. He moved gracefully and with dignity, filling a room not by his physical dominance, but by his air of controlled tension.”,Examples: Place,With a shopping bag in my hand, I entered the gate if the free market near my home. Suddenly a terrible smell reached my nose and I could not help feeling nauseated. Looking around I found that the foul smell came the poultry stalls on the left side of the street. There, every stall cage was packed with four or five chickens. Occasionally, the chickens crowed sadly as if they knew they were going to be cooked. The feed stank under the hot summer sun. I put a hanker-chief to my nose and hurried away.,Examples: scene,The typhoon came out of the sea as a deep hollow roar. Then it appeared as a monstrous black cloud. The cloud seemed a thing alive, shaping itself this way or that, torn by contending winds. However, it might stretch to right or left, it continued to spread upward and reach toward east and west. The day darkened to twilight and the dreaded roar of sound came rushing toward me from out of the depths. I crouched behind my rock and waited.,Narration,To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.,Example: narration,The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when consider the immeasurable contrasts between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March,1887, three months before I was seven years old.,Example: narration,On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mothers sighs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps.,Example: narration,The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honey suckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My finger lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.,Exposition,Exposition means expounding or explaining. An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the cause of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.,Example: exposition,The grading system also contains penalties and rewards, but thats what makes people tick. Would any student write a tem paper, read a textbook, or attend a lecture in a field outside his interest if he were not motivated by grades? Because studying and learning are hard work, students need penalties and rewards. Of course this results in pressure. Certainly, this produces competition. But without them, few people would strive to let their learning exceed their intellectual reach. Oh yes, there are a few students who are highly self-motivated and are genuinely interested in learning. But most student would rather see a basket ball game, rap in the Grill, or watch a movie. Let's face itthats why we need the present grading system. Anything else would result in a lowering of the standards and a fifth-rate university.,Argumentation,An argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to chang