书面表达书面表达之图表类解题指导

书面表达 之 图表类,图表类书面表达往往提供统计图表或表格和简单的文字说明，让学生根据提供的数据信息，结合文字提示及试题的注意事项或要求，写一篇说明一个事实或反映一种现象的短文。常以下列形式进行考查，一种是文字表格式，另一种是柱形或饼形图表式。还有另一种形式的图表作文：文字表格人物图像。,知识梳理,一：文字表格式 文字表格式作文的体裁相对稳定，以说明文、议论文为主，辅之以记叙文。题材丰富多样，有书信、发言稿、介绍等，通常情况下，试题明确规定了所使用的写作格式。因此，根据表格提示内容，确定要表达的写作要点，运用掌握的句型和词汇知识，做到：要点齐全、语句通顺、条理清楚、表达明确、思路灵活、书写工整。,注意以下两个方面： 1. 布好局、谋好篇。动笔前，要根据表格的提示内容，先确定表达文章所需的体裁，然后根据所给题材确定文章的整体结构。 2. 确定写作要点。在心中布局谋篇后，根据表格内容确定写作要点，尤其是自由发挥或谈感想的要点。全文最好以要点或短语形式列一个写作提纲，以便不遗漏要点。,二：柱形或饼形图表式 柱形或饼形图表式作文的体裁多为议论文、说明文和应用文，内容多涉及前后变化对比、正反观点对比或产品介绍等。通过数据、文字内容分析，系统准确地表达出突变含义，并得出令人信服的结论。必须做到行文切题，紧扣中心思想，不漏要点，并且意思连贯，文理通顺，语言准确、得当。,柱形或饼形图表式作文写作形式和要求与 文字表格式有区别。图表作文要注意遵循以 下步骤： 1) 认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系。 柱形图用来表示各种事物的变化情况及相互关系，要求通过柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。,饼形图表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系，旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的饼形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。,2) 确定文章主题思想，构思基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据； 3) 编列文章的提纲； 4) 根据提纲，将各段提纲内容扩展成段 落，将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡。,一、认真审题，确定时态。 描述图表时注意动词时态。记叙文，根据表格提示，注意故事的时间、地点、人物、事件、起因和结果，常用一般过去时和第一人称。说明文，把需要解说的事物性质、对象、目的、用途等解释清楚，常用一般现在时。议论文，根据表格所给提示把要点(论点和论据)以及自由发挥的观点和论据阐释清楚，常用一般现在时。对于应用文，要注意写作格式。,技法指导,二、掌握图表信息 写好此类作文，要从图表的整体着手，认真分析数据，抓住主题特征，弄懂所揭示的规律；然后归纳出主题。有时，试题给出了短文的题目，等于点明了主题。 掌握图表中提供的信息及每一栏上面的小标题的标注，由此弄清制图者想通过图表反映出的信息、问题或现象。,三、分析有效信息 图表往往提供大量的数据，应仔细观察分析，从中选择能支持观点的有效信息。图表中的资料、数据的描述可以采用对比或对照性的文字，不能把各种数据都写出来。对于数据表格，要对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律；对于平面图解，要仔细观察，正确理解意义，按照一定的顺序，逐一表述，力求层次清楚，一目了然。,四、准确描述图表 分析信息或数据后找出不同点和相似点，常采用三段式方式。 1. 第一段：开门见山，概述图表反映主题。 常用的句型有： As is shown in the graph . As is shown in the table . It can be seen from the table that . It can be concluded from the graph that . Compared with . According to the survey, about .,2. 第二段：分析数据中的主要差异及趋势，可通过分类或对比来表现主题，并阐明必要的理由。 切忌反复使用同一句型或反复出现图表中的数据，否则文章会显得毫无生气。要注意改换叙述的方式，使用不同的词语及句式。,转折，对比及比较的词汇： while, but, on the contrary, however, compare with, in contrast to, the same as, be similar to, differences between, among, more than, less than 趋势变化的词汇： increase, rise, go up, reduce, go down, fall, reach, remain, by/ to, slowly, slightly, gradually, rapidly, the number of, fromto, 比较级，倍数等。,常用句型：Facts: There was a great /slight increase in There has been a sudden/slow/rapid fall in It is 20% lower/higher than The number /rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year. The number is times as much as that of. It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by By comparison with, it decreased/ increased/ fell fromto,常用句型： Reasons： The reason foris that One may think of the change as a result of The change in largely results from the fact that There are several causes for this significant growth in First, Second,3. 第三段：展望未来或提出办法或建议。 常用的短语及句式： in a word; in short; generally speaking Its clear from the .that . Based on the description above, we can draw the conclusion that . In summary, it is important From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that Obviously, if we want to,it is necessary There is no doubt that attention must be paid,Recently, our class had a heated discussion on whether 主题. Opinions vary from person to person/Opinions are divided among students. Some people think it necessary to 正方观点. For one thing, 理由一. For another, 理由二 On the other hand, others hold the opposite opinion. From their point of view, 反方理由一. What's more, 理由二 In my opinion, I support/oppose that idea that作文主题, 理由,一、利弊型,写作模板,Recently, a survey has been carried out in our school on whether 作文主题. As can be seen from the result of the survey, opinions are divided. About 持有第一种观点的人数. The reasons are as follows. First, 第一种理由. Besides, 第二种理由 On the contrary, others say 他们的观点. They think 第一种理由. What's more, 第二种理由 As far as I'm concerned, we should自己的观点. Only in this way 美好前景预测,二、观点对比型,Recently, a survey has been done to find out 主题. As is shown in the pie chart，表中内容1, 表中内容2, 表中内容3 and 表中内容4. In conclusion, the survey shows that总体规律、趋势或呈现的问题. Many factors contribute to the problem. One is that原因之一. Another is that原因之二. In my opinion, 自己的观点， 如何解决问题,三、多图型,As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/ percentage in the table (graph/pie chart), 题目议题 has been on rise (goes up/increases/drops/decreases). 具体数据. Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that 结论 There are at least two reasons why this happened. On the one hand, 原因一 . On the other hand, 原因二. In addition, 原因三 is also responsible for it. It is high time that we 倡议. We should 解决问题的方法.,四、数据变化型,The chart gives us an overall picture of the 主题. The first thing we notice is that 最大特点. This means that as 进一步说明 We can see from the statistics given that 细节一. After细节一中的第一变化, the 紧跟着的变化. The figures also tell us that 细节二. 数据位置(In the second column), we can see that 进一步描述 accounts for 问题 Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that 结论. The reason for this, as far as I am concerned, is that 原因. /It is high time that we 倡议,第一步,翻译句子：营造亮点，增色文章,第二步,列提纲：理清要点、分析比较数据,第三步,审题目：确定体裁、人称及时态,第四步,注重衔接：确保行文自然流畅,长沙最近计划修建地铁，这件事引发了人们的广泛争论。请根据所给信息写一篇英文报道，客观陈述人们的不同看法，并表明自己的观