留学生Essay写作—城市更新和体育场馆

http:/coursework.lxws.net 留学生论文专业定制代写网站留学生Essay写作城市更新和体育场馆The use of sports stadiaUrban regeneration of economically,socially,and culturally deprived areas has been a recognised priority in the UK for over twenty years. Current literature reveals that the most successful regeneration schemes incorporate both significant capital investment,usually anchored around some flagship development such as a sports facility,and social programmes to address the vocational,educational,and personal needs of individual residents of the deprived areas targeted for regeneration.Such regeneration efforts have been found to be most effective when undertaken in partnership with local entities and local residents themselves.This study seeks to consider the factors contributing to one such project in North West England.Specifically,the used of a sports development,Sport City in East Manchester,facility created for the 2002 Commonwealth Games,which was used to facilitate a number of related initiatives resulting in dramatic economic revitalisation of the East Manchester area.1.IntroductionVarious methods of addressing urban decay have been employed in the last forty years,since the problem of substandard living and working conditions in specific neighbourhoods,typically in the inner cities,was identified as a national problem.To consider how urban regeneration policy and practice is employed in the UK,it is first necessary to define urban regeneration and consider its historical underpinnings.This includes various initiatives and theoretical viewpoints from which such redevelopment has been undertaken.Specifically,this research will consider urban regeneration in general,followed by focused consideration of economic factors and social exclusion,and how the use of investment in sport stadia and related facilities can enhance or provide the foundation for urban regeneration projects.One specific project,the creation of Sport City in East Manchester, England,is considered in detail.This project is actually the culmination of several urban regeneration projects over a ten-year period,aimed at first enhancing Manchesters bid to host the Olympic Games on two occasions and later in its eventual hosting of the seventeenth Commonwealth Games in 2002,the UKs largest sporting event to date(Jones and Stokes 2003).This project is significant as it involved a number of projects and programmes aimed not simply at economic stimulus to a depressed area through funding of a public work,but also at serving the employment and other needs of the indigenous impoverished neighbourhoods in the East Manchester area and surrounds.The success of the Sport City project can be evaluated in a number of ways;two undertaken in this research include effects on those local residents directly participating in related urban regeneration programmes and analysis of the economic impact on the community as measured through various economic and social indicators.This research includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the project,with implications then drawn for use of sports stadia and capital projects as flagship developments in urban regeneration.2.Literature ReviewNumerous studies have been undertaken to determine the causes,evaluate the projects designed to address,and propose additional means for combating urban decay.Urban regeneration is a complex task,primarily because deterioration of a particular local area is caused by complex set of issues and circumstances.This literature review seeks to consider various research and studies considering urban regeneration in a broader sense,with examination of the various contributing factors,causes,and methods of urban regeneration. How regeneration initiatives can most effectively address contributing factors,typically through partnership programmes,economic considerations at local,regional and national levels,and social exclusions significant role in the ultimate long-term success and sustainability of any regeneration programme are reviewed.The specific use of sports stadia in urban regeneration is then considered,with an overview of sports facility projects in a number of locations and a summary of lessons learned from such initiatives.2a.Complex CausesHistorically,cities have had certainslumneighbourhoods,which house the unemployed,the addicted,and the lowest rung of workers within the municipal area(Gordon et al 2000).“Poor housing conditions and high unemployment have come together in suchslumhousing in inner-city areas”in both privately-based and publicly-based economies(McGregor and McConnachie 1995,1587).“Economies with large amounts of social housing have shown the same association of housing and unemployment problems in specific areas,most recently large estates on the peripheries of towns and cities”(McGregor and McConnachie 1995,1587).Whilst there are various specific circumstances and problems contributing to the poverty of each generati