高中英语非谓语动词整理讲解
2016届理科班高三英语复习之非谓语动词讲解 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。 形式对比项目动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式 to do doingdoingdone被动式 to be done being donebeing done主动完成式 to have done having donehaving done被动完成式to have been done having been donehaving been done否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not 动词不定式定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。 主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无一、不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.eg: Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二、不定式的用法：1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe.3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish）(2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary）(3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do.（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty / an honor ） (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do(5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to do2. 不定式做表语：不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。3. 动词不定式作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语*注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean2某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语 4动词不定式做定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。I. 不定式作定语需要后置。II. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 （逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）或修饰性关系（同位关系）。5. 宾语补足语: eg: He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.注1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。eg. He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.注2 help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。6. 不定式做状语: 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.(主语一致) I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone.7. 同位语: e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?8. 独立成分: e.g. To tell you the truth, I dont like you. 类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等三、不定式的否定式：通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。e.g. I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.四、动词不定式的“省略”1、不定式省to 1） 在had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than（宁愿而不）, cannot but（不得不、只好）, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。 2） 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。3） 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to通常要保留。eg: They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系)他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4） 在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。2、不定式省do留to 1） 为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。 e.g. Ms King lied to us because she had to. 注意：在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be.或完成式to have done时,则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:Arent you the headmaster? 你难道不是校长吗?No, and I dont want to be. 我不是,而且我也不想当。Hasnt he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗?No, but he ought to have. 是的,但他本来应该写完。2） 当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to. If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to. He didnt come, though we had invited him to. 动词ing形式的要点1ing的形式2.ing形式的基本用法(1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.作某些短语动词的宾语。Mary is thinking of going back to New York. do限定词(my
