语音课讲义 意群和连读

意群（Sense-group）一个句子可以按照意义和语法结构分成几个部分，每一个部分可称为一个意群。意群通常是一个词组或短语，当然也可以是一个词或是一个句子。意群的划分：正确划分意群是准确表达的关键。意群是根据语义、语法和语调这三个因素来划分的。从语义、语法上讲，意群必须是能够表达某种意思的一个词、一个短语、一个从句、一个分句或一个独立的句子；从语调上讲，意群必须是可以用降调、升调和平调来朗读的一个语调单位。意群与意群通常用符号“”分割。1. 依据语义来划分意群例如：Im busy.（一个句子只包含一个意群。）She told me she has changed her job.（两个意群）Yesterday he went to New Yorkby air.（三个意群）Before 1992, I used to live in Australia and worked as a doctor.（三个意群）由此可见，一个意群可以是一个词，如：yesterday；一个短语，如：by air；一个从句，如：She has changed her job. 或是一个独立的句子，如：Im busy.2. 划分意群的主要依据是句中词与词的语法关系1） 各种偏正词组（由修饰语和中心语组成）。例如：an apple, pretty girl, railway station, study hard2） 各种短语。例如：in front of the building, to see a doctor, sleeping car, long ago3） 各种简短主谓句。例如：He looks pale.Weve given up.He gave me a novel.I heard you singing.4） 各种简短从句。例如：How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.（主语从句）The fact is that nobody take it seriously.（表语从句）He asked me where he can find her.（宾语从句）This is the room where Jordon had ever lived.（定语从句）如果句子很长，上述各种结构还可以按一定规则划分成若干意群。例如：What can be done in order to make sure that no one in the world goes hungry?We have two ears and only one tongue in order that we may hear more and speak less.3. 意群的划分还同语速有关。同一个句子，语速快时划分出来的意群可以少些；语速慢时划分出来的意群可以多些。练一练：先自己划分意群，然后对照视频划分意群。1. Im honored to be here with you today because lets face it: You accomplished something I never could.2. But today I wanna share what Ive learned about our generation and the world were all building together.3. I dedicate this, my last editorial, to an extraordinary woman who lived by example and compelled us all to see the world through new eyes. By the time you read this, shell be sailing to Europe where I know shell find new walls to break down and new ideas to replace them with.连读（Liaison）英语的语流像流水一样无间断，特别是在意群内部，词语词之间听不出有明显的界限。前词的尾音同后词的首音通常连在一起发音，这种语音现象叫做连读。连读是一种自然地由一个音向另一个音滑动的过程，中间不停顿，前后两个音必须一气呵成。说明：连读必须在同一意群之内进行。a) Yesterday when he was there, I forgot to speak to him.逗号把there和I分隔在两个分句中，there和I分属两个意群，不能连读。 b) Shall we dine out if it is OK?out和if之间虽无逗号隔开，但它们不属于同一意群，因此也不能连读。英语的连读主要有以下四种情况：1. 同一意群中，前词的尾辅音和后词的首元音通常可以连读。例如：ran out；stand up；in an hour；not at all；an American writerSchool is over. China is in Asia. What is your name?2. 在同一意群中，前词的尾辅音和后词的首辅音通常可以连读。例如：hot bath （/t/不完全爆破）good night （/d/改为鼻爆破）at last （/t/改为舌侧爆破）one more （/n/被/m/同化）ten thousand （/n/同化成舌尖齿背音）next day （/t/省音）a good deal （/d/省音）3. 在同一意群中相邻的两个词，前词的尾音/:/ /:/ / /:/ / /e/ / 并以字母r或re结尾，同时后词以元音开头，字母r或re要发/r/的音并与后面的元音连读，这种连读叫做 r连读 。例如：stir up；far away；after all；for example；more and more；four American friendshere and there；take care of；poor old man；There is a pair of shoes under the bed.例外情况：1） 两个词不在同一意群，不能用 r连读例如：She locked the door, and hurried away. door和and不能用 r连读2） 前词的尾音节如果在拼写上首尾都有字母r，不能用r连读例如：nearer and nearer；nearer和and不能用 r连读A roar of laughter；roar和of不能用 r连读3） 前词的尾音节在拼写上没有字母r或re，不要插入/r/ 来连读例如： the idea of it；I saw it. 在idea和of，saw和it之间应避免插入 r连读4. 在同一意群中相邻的两个词，前词词尾和后词词首都是元音时也可以连读，中间不必停顿。例如：my only son; the early bird; I am; she is; grow up; do it补充（了解）： t/d/s/z+y 连读（/t/+/j/ /t/；/d/+/j/ /d/；/s/+/j/ /；/z/+/j/ /）练一练：When I was a kid, I thought Zootopia was this perfect place, where everyone got along and anyone could be anything. Turns out, real lifes a little bit more complicated than a slogan on a bumper sticker. Real life is messy. We all have limitations. We all make mistakes, which means, hey, glass half full, we all have a lot in common, and the more we tried to understand one another, the more exceptional each of us will be. 2