留学生Essay写作—支持和反对基因治疗的争论

www.hotessay.com.cn 留学生论文专业定制代写网站留学生Essay写作支持和反对基因治疗的争论Gene therapy has progressed significantly in recent years.However,issues surrounding its use are controversial.Present and evaluate the arguments for and against the use of gene therapy in humans.近年来，基因治疗取得了显著进展。然而，围绕其使用的问题是有争议的。提出并评估支持和反对在人类中使用基因疗法的论点。Nowadays,gene therapy has a significant impact on our life.It is widely used,even if we do not realize it.This field of science is currently growing,so it is worth it is worth to know something about it.Gene therapy is a method of treatment of diseases with a genetic basis.Its aim is to eliminate abnormal cells,introduce changes in the phenotype and physiology of cells,as well as,among other things,introduce into the cell the correct copy of the gene.According to U.S National Library of Medicine (2018),gene therapy is a therapy in which genes are used to treat or prevent the different diseases.Thanks to this technique,it is possible that in the future doctors instead of administering drugs to patients or surgeries,will heal people by inserting appropriate genes into their cells.There are different methods in gene therapy,such as:“replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene; inactivating,or“knocking out,”a mutated gene that is functioning improperly;introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease”. Gene therapy is quite new,it is constantly being researched in terms of whether it is safe and what it can have in the future.Although it is not fully researched,it seems to be a very promising technique,it can be a huge opportunity to discover ways to treat various diseases,including hereditary diseases,certain types of cancer and some viral infections).In this work,arguments for and against the use of gene therapy in humans will be discussed.Introducing therapeutic nucleic acids into the cells of the human body,i.e.gene therapy,has the potential to revolutionize modern medicine but recent years have brought this field both many successes and failures.The removal of undesirable effects on the organism caused by erroneous gene mutations by introducing foreign,but correct DNA or RNA sequences into the body cells,is gene therapy.This is a very modern method of treatment that can be performed by administering a preparation containing a complete gene or only selected DNA or RNA fragments.We can divide gene therapy into two categories:germ line gene therapy and somatic gene therapy.In somatic gene therapy genetic the change is not passed along to the next generation,although the gene material is inserted into a cell.In germ line therapy gene the change is heritable so gene will be passed on to the next generation.(Wirth,Parker and Ylä-Herttuala, 2013) British law prohibits editing of germ-cells or embryos in a clinical context.At present it is unlikely to this process be allowed in any European jurisdiction.(Wellcome.ac.uk,2018)There has been considerable success using gene therapy in the treatment of genetic diseases associated with immunodeficiency.Very good results are also obtained in the treatment of hemophilia,where a significant improvement in patientscondition is achieved.In the case of Parkinsons disease,the use of therapy contributes to the improvement of motor function,but does not completely relieve the disease symptoms.There is great hope in cancer gene therapy because it does not require a long-lasting process of reading and copying the correct genetic information to the cells.The challenge is to fight congenital genetic diseases,which,as in the case of cancer,require a longer process of reading and copying the therapeutic genetic code,which often causes side effects that threaten the patients life.In recent years,there have been many studies testing gene therapy in other disease entities.According to Nathwani et al.,(2014)an example is hemophilia Ba genetic disorder that is deficient in blood coagulation factor IX.It manifests itself in numerous,frequent bleeding and requires constant exogenous supply of missing protein to the blood of patients. Monogenic diseases such as hemophilia are an ideal target for gene therapy,which is why scholars sought to heal patients by providing the correct form of the gene encoding factor IX using a specially crafted adenoviral vector.The results of this study were very encouraging.Stable expression of factor IX at the level of 3 to 11%of the norm was obtained, which was enough to alleviate the symptoms of the disease.Over a few to over a dozen months of follow-up,4 of 6 patients did not observe any bleeding,while the other two reduced the need for frequent prophylactic injections.Side effects were very light.They mainly concerned the increase in the level of liver enzymes.According to Coune,Schneider and Aebischer(2012)another example of recent advances in gene therapy is the attempt to improve the status of patients with advanced stage of Parkinsons disease.The recently completed cli