留学生Essay写作—文化对个人主义的影响

http:/www.amazessay.com/ 留学生论文专业定制代写网站留学生Essay写作文化对个人主义的影响AbstractThe purpose of the current study is to further investigate the relationship between cultural influences and perceived effects on individualism.A multitude of studies have been conducted regarding cultural influences on individualist societies in traditional conjoint roles.As a western society,we have many perceived cultural influential responsibilities in the both male and female categorizes.However,the focus of this study is directly within individualism itself.It is the purpose of this article to look at the cultural influences that have been defined in western society,differences in individual self-concept within culture,examination of the unique effects of individualism versus other cultural factors.Throughout this study a deeper look will be taken into the perceived relationship and whether cultural effects influence singular thoughts and behaviors.While some of these studies do continue to note the difference in cultural effect,the potential for these effects to pinpoint and optimize individual social function within cultural boundaries has yet to be fully discovered.Cultural Effects and Influences on IndividualismThe quest to satisfying individual goals and needs prompts human behavior to act in the direction of obtainment.Understanding why a person participates on the course of an objective involves recognizing the link of the function or unlaying requisite that the activity serves for that individual.One vehicle people use to satisfy motives is through volunteerism;people volunteer satisfy specific needs or objectives (Finkelstein,2012).They continue along the process of donating their time as long as the pursuit of interest meets the relevant intention (Finkelstein,2012).In Finkelstein&Penner(2012)study on individualism and collectivism,they implemented a functional viewpoint to organizational citizenship behavior(OCB)to which they identified three main reasons for social conscience in the workplace.Two of the reasons where comparatively altruistic.They included prosocial values(PV)and what is referred to as organizational concern(OC).(PV)where displayed in the essence of helping others and in return the possibility of being accepted or assimilation into the group(Finkelstein&Penner,2004).(OC)is the theory of positive feels toward the organization for which one works,it is displayed in a constructive work ethic.Finkelstein and Penner(2004)identify a third motive,impression management(IM),is specific in encouraging personal reward.Personal reward is indicative of an individualistic culture,it is self-focused.In structural social conscience,personal goal behavior takes antecedence over the group (Wagner,1995).If this is case,then the culture of organizational relationships has very little if no influence perceived effect on individualism.Understanding Cultural Individualism:In Wagner(1995)study on individualism-collectivism data collected from 492 college students showed the number of peers in the group and their identifiability,sense of mutual responsibility,and levels of individualism or collectivism, persuaded peer-rated cooperation in classroom groups.Levels of individualism or collectivism controlled the effects of size and distinguish ability on cooperation but not on individuals with shared responsibility(Wagner,1995).These results imply that a certain degree of social loafing may point to insights on individualistic cooperation within groups and or cultures in the broader sense.There are many definitions to the word culture.Hofstede(2011)best describes culture as collective programming of the human mind that sets itself apart from one group of people to another group.Within each group theres a variety of individuals with distinctive characteristics. Hofstede(2001)goes on to point out that societal cultures occupy values which are often unconscious but inclined to favor onesstate of affairs over others.The more common use of the term culture which implies ethnic groups in different regions of the globe is evolving exponentially to include organizations and companies.It is in organizations and companies where the term social loafing is defined.Social loafing refers to the idea that certain people are prone to relinquish responsibility of tasks if they are working in a group versus when they are required to produce individualistically.Furthermore,much of this research on social loafing has specifically entailed the effects of group size in an effort to predict a number to which this phenomenon becomes active.It is known the presence of larger number of workers can mask an individual propensity for social loafing by eliminate concerns of corrective punishments.Even in small numbers though,individual malingering can be hard to pinpoint as often individualistic cultural ideas are blanketed by others regardless of group size.Despite these reservations,research on the matter is normally explained