TOEFL-Online-杜昶旭托福阅读方法课讲义-3
托福阅读 杜昶旭 托福文章的结构分类 ETS 的官方分类 Classification Comparison / Contrast Cause / Effect Problem / Solution 托福文章的结构分类 顺承式 阅读重点:时间及事件发展线索 结构:线形结构 托福文章的结构分类 分类式 阅读重点:分类方式及类别特征 结构:树形结构 托福文章的结构分类 问题解决 / 现象解释式 阅读重点:解决方案(解释)和最终结论 伞形结构 阅读笔记 阅读笔记的目的 辅助形成思维框架 辅助记忆 解题信息索引 替代勾画行为 阅读笔记的内容 结构主体的核心词 时间和数字 同步记录时间及相应的事件 一律记录为数字 人名、地名、专有名词:使用缩写 阅读笔记的内容 举例主体 新概念及局部核心概念 重要的逻辑关系:符号化 逻辑关系的符号化 因果: 比较:, 几条建议 不要考虑是否该记 不要试图记录所有内容 不要回忆,即时记录 分段记录 中英文结合 阅读中的逻辑控制 为什么要做逻辑控制(预测)? 阅读中的逻辑控制 阅读文字 产生期待 验证期待 Y N 修正期待 详略选择的阅读 重新建立衡量阅读快慢的标准 t = s / v 详略选择的阅读 需要详读的内容 结构主体 非举例性质的概括描述 题目映射回原文的内容 0, R0 R1, R2, , Rn 详略选择的阅读 需要略读的内容 大量的数据堆积 明显的举例 对比/类比读一半 让步转折读一半 为何而举 举例主体 结束位置 阅读示例 Opportunists Opportunists and and CompetitorsCompetitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. 阅读示例 1st Organisms expend energy Opportunists Opportunists and and CompetitorsCompetitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. 阅读示例 1st Organisms expend energy Opportunists Opportunists and and CompetitorsCompetitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. 阅读示例 1st Organisms expend energy budgeting Opportunists Opportunists and and CompetitorsCompetitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. 阅读示例 1st Organisms expend energy budgeting Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. 阅读示例 1st Organisms expend energy budgeting Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, 阅读示例 1st Organisms expend energy budgeting Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. 阅读示例 1st (B.G) Organisms expend energy budgeting Opportunists and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. 阅读示例 All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. 阅读示例 2nd Organisms allocate energy All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. 阅读示例 2nd Organisms allocate energy Genetic package All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. 阅读示例 2nd Organisms allocate energy Genetic package M: constant All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growt