gmat-manhattan语法笔记(qiu总结)

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv Manhattan 语法总结语法总结 GMAT SC 小总结小总结 2015/8/20 Qiu 2 目录目录 Chapter 2 GRAMMAR her employees were upset to the point of mutiny.或者 The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through the holiday to make the production deadline, but in calling for such an extreme measure, she upset her employees to the point of mutiny. c) 总之，副词修饰词修饰动词或者句子只要它不在结构上靠近另外的动词或者句子。 d) 注意分词修饰词的顺序 在表格中最后两个例子描述了另外的要求去使用分词修饰词：前面的句子导致后面的句子。 The engineer fixed the problem, earning himself a promotion. Exhilarated by the successful product launch, the team celebrated after work. 不论谁在前，谁在后，不论是主句或者修饰词，但是句子的逻辑必须是，前面的句子导致了后面的句子。 Eg：slipping on the ice, she broke her ankle. Eg：She slipped on the ice, breaking her ankle. e) subordinators 主从连词（while，when，since，although） （1） 看这个句子：although the economy is strong, the RETAIL INDUSTRY IS STRUGGLING.前面的第一部分是叫 subordinate Claus（从句）可数名词从句;从属分句 （科林斯词典定义：A subordinate clause is a clause in a sentence which adds to or completes the information given in the main clause. It cannot usually stand alone as a sentence） 。 （2） 要知道，although the economy is strong.它看起来就像一个完整的句子，但他有一个从属连词在开头。 从句不可以是完整的，所以这句话错了,从属连词所接的句子不能单独成句。 。 （3） 从句修饰他们所依附的主句。 在这章的开头正确的说法中， 从句提供了另外的信息关于主句： despite the fact that the overall economy is doing well , one particular industry is not. （4） 常见的从属连词有：although、before、unless becausr that so that if yet after while 8 since when. （5） 对于句子要找准词，如果用词暗含对比的关系，那么就要注意句子前后的对比。 所以句子若是：Although the economy is strong, the retail industry is well。就是不对，因为主句额从句的 关系不想连词表达的转折关系。 （6） 从属连词就像 FANBOYS 连词：两者都必须要求确保选择的词在逻辑上正确连接两个句子。 （但是两种连 词不能互换，看 chapter3） （7） 一次只能用一个连词。 （8） 确保从句跟主句的关系是被正确连接的。 （9） 最后，仔细寻找加在主句里面的句子，因为看似从句，但是其实不是。 Wrong：Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse. 这个里面主句是 Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases 这都没问题，但是句子整下的部分，由动词组成 may be impossible to reverse。 这个谓语没有主语。GMAT 希望你去认为，environmental damage 是 may be impossible to reverse 的主 语， 但是这个句子里面 environmental damage 又是介词短语的一部分， 在介词短语里面的名词是不可以 作主语的。 所以修改句子的方法就是：Citizens of many countries are expressing concern that the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse. 另外的改法就是：Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases, damage that may be impossible to reverse.这句话应 该是同位语从句。 4.4 Which VS 现在分词现在分词-ing 以下的说法经常出现在口语里面，但是他们是错的。 Wrong：Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values. 最近的犯罪减少使得财产增加，但是 decrease 是动词，无论何时使用 which，都必须修饰名词。而且要记住： which 只指只指代名词代名词，不能指代整个句子不能指代整个句子。 句子的正确改法：The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values. Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values. 4.5 修饰词修饰词 vs 核心核心 两个长的 nonessential 修饰词在一起会导致 awkward 或者不正确 Wrong：George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians yet struggled publicly with drug abuse. 这个句子的核心：George Carlin influenced and inspired yet struggled.两个 FANOYS 的连词连接了三个动词，所以 最后的部分现在就是句子的核心啦，而不是修饰词。这三个动词的概念叫复合动词。 如果在考试中发现修饰词和核心词发横了改变，句意不变就无所谓哪一个更好。 Right：Employing the new lab equipment, the engineer identified the problem quickly. Right: The engineer employed the new lad equipment, identifying the problem within minutes. 只要 meaning 有逻辑而且不混乱。句子都是可以接受的。 Right: Pushed to justify his decision, the manager froze and was unable to say anything, eventually breaking down 9 tears. Right: The manager froze and was unable to say anything when he was pushed to justify his decision; he eventually broke down in tears. 这里其实是有先后顺序的，但是这两个字顺序都不错，所以句子都没有问题。 4.6 Quantity 在英语中，words 和数字的表达都遵循严格的语法规则。 （1） 可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词可数名词 不可数名词不可数名词 Many hats Much patient Few stores Little merchandise Fewer children Less money Fewest sho