八年级上册units1--3知识归纳

八年级上册Units 1-3 知识归纳一、词语辨析：1、little, a little, few, a few中考题：（1）“What are you going to buy?”“Im going to buy _ bananas.”A. a little B. a few C. little D. few1997年福建省中考题【评】答案是B。此题考查a little / little与a few / few的用法区别。a little / little修饰不可数名词：a little意为“一点儿”；little意为“几乎没有”，有否定含义。A few / few修饰可数名词：其中a few意为“几个”，有肯定含义；few意为“少数几个”，有否定含义。此句是肯定句，且banana是可数名词，故选B。（2）“Can you speak Chinese, Peter?” “Yes, but only .”A. little B. few C. a little D. a few（3）“Can you speak Chinese, Peter?” “Yes, but only .”A. little B. few C. a little D. a few（4）The text is very easy for you . There are _ new words in it . A. a few B. a little C. few D. little（5）The English novel is quite easy for you. There are new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few2、maybe, may bemaybe是副词，在句子中不能作谓语，意为“也许”，它通常放在句首；may be是情态动词 may + be 构成谓语，意为“可能是”。如：Maybe they will win the football game this time.(= They may win the football game this time.) 也许这次他们会赢得这场足球赛。He may be there alone, but I'm not sure.(= Maybe he is there alone, but I'm not sure.) 他也许一个人在那儿，但我不能肯定。(1) The pretty girl _ our new classmate. (2) _ my father is at home. 解析：maybe是副词，意思是“也许、可能”，在句中作状语，常居于句首。而may be结构中，may是情态动词，be是动词原形，两者构成完整的谓语形式，意为“也许是，可能是”，故答案是： (1)may be (2)maybe 3、how long, how far, how often, how many, how much,how long多久，用于提问一段时间。-How long do you sleep every night?-For nine hours.how far多远，用于提问一段距离-How far is your home from school?-Its five kilometres away.how often多久一次，用于提问频率。-How often do you exercise?-I exercise three times a week.how many/much多少，修饰可数/不可数名词，用于提问数量。-How many books do you have?-Seven.-How much tea do you need?-A cup.二、语法：（一）、情态动词用法小结情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑，有一定的词义，但不完整，其后一定要跟不带to的动词不定式（即动词原形）（ought to除外）。另外情态动词没有人称和数的变化。常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, need, shall, will, should, would及半情态动词had better, have to。其用法如下： 1. can与could can与could意为“能；会”，表示请求，could是can的过去式，在表示请求时没有时间上的差别，只是语气比can委婉。表示允许或征求对方意见时，可代替may。如： Can you swim?Yes, I can. Can I ask you a question?Yes, of course you can. 2. may与might 二者表示请求许可时，意为“可以”；还可以表示可能性、推测。might是may的过去式形式。如：You may go now. 3. must与have to must表示说话人的主观看法；have to表示客观需要。如： You are weak in English, so you must work hard at it. （表示主观） It's too late. I have to go home. （表示客观）注： must表示推测时，意为“一定”，只用于肯定句。如： He must be in hospital, because he is ill badly. must意为“必须”时，其否定式是needn't。如：Must I go home?No, you needn't. 4. need need意为“需要”，既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词，need作情态动词时主要用于疑问句或否定句，其否定式为needn't；作实义动词时有人称、时态和数的变化，肯定形式为need to do,否定形式为don't need to do。如： Need you wear warm clothes? （情态动词） You needn't worry about me. （情态动词） Do you need to have a good rest? （实义动词） He need to see a doctor because he doesn't feel well. （实义动词） 5. shall与 should should是shall的过去式，用于第一人称中，表示询问或征求意见，用于肯定句时可译为“应该”。如： Shall we go swimming? What should I do? 6. will与would will用于将来时态，表示询问对方是否愿意，或者表示客气的邀请。would是will的过去式，往往表示意愿或请求。如：He would like to have a rest. 7. had better had better意为“最好”，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形, 其否定式为：had better not。如： You'd better hand in your homework on time. He'd better not be late for school.（二）聚焦一般疑问句和特殊疑问句聚焦一 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的定义 一般疑问句是对某一情况“是、否”提出质疑，常用yes或no回答，朗读时常用升调。 特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头，对陈述句中的某一部分提出疑问的句子。朗读时常用降调。 聚焦二 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的构成及应答。 一、 一般疑问句 1. 含有系动词be或情态动词的陈述句，变为一般疑问句:Im a policeman. Are you a policeman? I can help you. Can you help me? 2. 若陈述句的谓语动词是行为动词：He likes to play football. Does he like to play football? 3. 一般疑问句的应答。回答时，注意采用相应的人称代词以避免重复，否定回答时还要注意缩写，不过am与not不能缩写为amnt。如： Is he a student? Yes, he is. Can you speak English? No, I cant. Do you like singing? Yes, I do. Would you like to come to my home? Yes, Id love to. 二、 特殊疑问句 1. 特殊疑问句的构成：“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”。如：How old are you? 2. 特殊疑问句的应答不用“yes/no”, 应作具体回答。如： What time is it, please? Its 7:30 a.m. 3. 特殊疑问句中的疑问词的选用是最关键的。那么特殊疑问词有哪些呢？ 疑问代词可在疑问句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。常见的有：what，who，whose，which等。 如： What colour is it? Its red. 疑问副词可在疑问句中作状语、定语。常见的有: when，where, how，how many，how much, how tall，how old，why等。如： A. How tall are you? Im 1.60 meters. B.How far is it from here to your home? Its 30 kilometers away.