高中阅读理解之长难句学案

高考一轮复习阅读理解之长难句知识点1：句子的分类（按句子的结构可分为三种）1)简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona. 2)并列句：由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.3)复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.批注：从字面意思来看就是很长很难的句子称之为长难句。长难句按句子结构分类仍然还是分为简单句，并列句以及复合句三种。知识点2：长难句形式1.带有较多成分的简单句-去枝叶，留主干。2.含有多个从句的复合句-找从属连词,分析从句, 理解句意。长难句 3.含有插入成分的句子-忽略插入成分, 直奔句子主题。4.倒装句-确定主语, 调整语序, 把握大意。5.成分省略-把握大意，找出对应信息，补充省略成分。知识点3：长难句分析步骤1）首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2）如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。3）如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。4）如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。知识点4：长难句分析的注意事项1) 是否有同位语和插入语。2) 是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3) 替代词的所指对象。4) 判断并列成分的层次。5) 句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。6) 在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7) 非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。8) 在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。知识点1：长难句概述例1：分析句子结构1) Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines, the toothpaste marketer, for instance, must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 解析：在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是womens magazine，而且还修饰television programs and stations。exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。句意：例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。2) Discrimination(歧视) isnt their only concern; almost everyone testing positive for the Huntingtons gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age, and doctors can do nothing to help. 解析：三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。句意：担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。3）However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 解析：本句的主谓语是：those of us know。know有两个由that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰belief。句意：然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。检测题（一）：分析句子结构1.I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources, our children may have to lead poorer lives.解析：在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：asresources。句意：我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。2.They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为）, and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares, vandalism did not often occur.解析：在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句，在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句，这个定语从句前省略了关系词that或when。句意：他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。3. In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy.解析：在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he。句意：在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。4.Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.解析：whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式 to hear a man。省略to的不定式say作宾语补足语，say后面接了一个宾语从句he didn't know，know后面又接了一个宾语从句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和时间状语从句until he appeared one night，现在分词短语asking 作伴随状语，asking 后面又接了一个宾语从句if he could sleep on the sofa。句意：一个女人最亲密的女友，很可能第一个奉劝她结束不幸的婚姻。然而，我们常听到男人说，他是在朋友突然来到自己家里并要求睡在沙发上时，才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻烦。5. If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English-William the Conqueror.解析：首先找出并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前的并列句中有一个if引导的条件状语从句，but后的并列句中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a man。句意：如果你要求别人说出对英语的影响最大的人，你可能会得到像“Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之类的答案。但是与一个甚至不会说英语的人“征服者”William相比，这些人就毫无影响力了。知识点1：结构分析法 所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，根据长难句的结构，我们可以把长难句分为：插入语式、改变语序式、并列式和环环