语法专题二十三;动词词义辨析(15)

第十五讲：动词词义辨析一 真题自测【2012 江西卷】30We were all agreed that the cottage would a perfect holiday home for the family.Amake Bturn Ctake Dhave【2012 辽宁卷】26. Rod loves clocks. However, he never manages to put them together again. A. taking apart B. giving away C. making up D. turning off【2012 全国 II】12. We _ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.A. set about B. set up C. set out D. set down13. 【2012 天津卷】 Parents and children should communicate more to _the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.A. open B. narrow C. widen D. leave【2012 浙江卷】15.Armed with the information you have gathered, you can_ preparing your business plan.A. set out B. set about C. set off D. set up【2012 浙江卷】12.According to scientists, our mental abilities begin to_ from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.A. differ B. shrink C. fail D. decline【2012 湖北卷】21. Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to _ our schools campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years agoA. sponsor B. launchC. organize D. plan【2012 湖北卷】22. Finally, my thanks go to my tutor, who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and _ every page of my draft.A. approved B. quotedC. polished D. folded【2012 湖北卷】23. Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to _ his courage.A. hold up B. keep up C. set up D. take up【2012 湖北卷】24. Im so glad youve come here to _ this matter in person.A. lead to B. see to C. turn to D. refer to【2012 江苏卷】26. OK, I've had enough of it. I give up.You can't_your responsibilities.A. run off with B. run up against C. run out of D. run away from【2012 安徽卷】28. The athlete's years of hard training when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.A. went on B. got through C. paid off D. ended up二考点讲义动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat 等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish 等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如： explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out 等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear 等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up 等。 （一）易混动词1、lay（放）, lie （躺）与 lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：中 文 原 形 过 去 式 过去分词 现在分词 说 明放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词2、rise 和 raise：rise 是不及物动词，其过去式是 rose，过去分词是 risen，而 raise 是及物动词，是规则动词。3、hear 与 listen to：hear 侧重点是听到，听见什么，而 listen to 是侧重于听的倾向，但hear 用于无意中的听见，而 listen to 却用于集中注意力的听。4、see, watch 和 look：see 用作看电影，剧目；watch 则用作看电视比赛，而 watch 还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look 一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）5、wind 和 wound：wind 意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是 wound，而动词原形wound 意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是 wounded。6、hang 的用法：hang 有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是 hanged。7、hear 的过去分词 born 与 borne：bear 作为出生讲有两个过去分词 born，borne 。只有当 be+born短语后没有 by 介词短语时，才可用 born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用 borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用 borne。8、sit 与 seat：seat 为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit 只是表示一动作。seat 如果表示就座时要用 be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用 seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.9、borrow, lend 与 keep：借入英文中用 borrow，借出用 lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用 keep。10、win 与 beat：win 作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如 :I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而 beat 是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。11、steal 与 rob：steal 为偷。rob 为抢，其用法不同。steal 其后接物+from+某人、某地，而 rob 其后接人+of+ 抢的物品。12、fit 与 suit：fit 与 suit 均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如 fit 用于尺寸大小的合适，而 suit 则多用于颜色式样的合适。 13、take, bring 与 fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是 bring，拿去带走是 take，而去取回来是 fetch。14、shut 与 close：shut 与 close 有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如: 在正式场合多用 close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用 shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴) ；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用 close。15、answer 与 reply：作为回答讲 answer 是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如 answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而 reply 作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上 to。16、reach，arrive 与 get to：reach 当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有 get to, arrive(at/in)。17、cost，spend 与 take：英文中花费有三个词 cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而 spend 的主语不能是物。如 : she spent all his money on stamps.而take 作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语 it，如 It takes me three hours to finish this work.18、lost, gone 与 missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用 lost, gone，但要用 miss 时则不能用 missed, 而要用 missing.19、have on, wear, put on 及 dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。 have on 与wear 作穿着状态讲;但 have on 不用进行时态，而 wear 则常要用进行时态。put on 是动作，但dress 既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit 作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.20、begin 与 startbegin 与 Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用 Start：1)机器的开动发