高中英语新人教版选择性必修第三册课文翻译

高中英语新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 1 ARTReading and Thinking课文原文A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNGWhat is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century) 中世纪(5 世纪到 15 世纪)During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccios innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.Impressionism( late 19th to early 20th century) The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monets aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene-the subjective impression the scene gave him-but not a detailed record of the scene itself.While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoirs paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.Modern Art (from the 20th century to today)After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, “What do we do next?” Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art?”课文译文西方绘画简史什么是西方艺术？很难对此给出一个准确的定义。由于西方艺术的风格迥异，在一篇短文中全部描述出来是不可能的。也许了解西方艺术的最佳方式是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展历程。中世纪（5至15世纪）在中世纪，西方艺术旨在向人们宣扬基督教。因此，艺术家们对描绘现实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人（所占版面）大得多，以彰显其重要性。13 世纪，乔托迪邦多纳（1267-1337）开始改变这种现象。虽然他的画作中仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。他的绘画作品尤其以其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而有别于其他绘画作品。文艺复兴时期（14至17世纪）新思相和新价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的旧思想和旧价值观。因此，画家们更少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生命采取更具人文主义的态度。这一时期的一项重要突破就是马萨乔（1401-1428）对于透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多达芬奇（1452-1519）、米开朗基罗（1475-1564）和拉斐尔（1483-1520），在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。（该时期的）另一创新是油画颜料的使用。一些最出色的油画作品色彩深邃，栩栩如生，看起来宛如照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗（16061669）使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。在（绘画的）主题上，重心越来越多地从宗教主题转移到我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位很高的人都想买自己和他们所爱之人的精确画像。其他人则想要描绘重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户想要买看上去集美丽与趣味于一体的画作。印象主义（19世纪末至20世纪初）西方艺术的发展（步伐）开始放缓，直到19世纪中叶照相术的发明。在那之后，不再需要用画作来保存人和世界的面貌因此，画家们必须寻找新的方式来审视他们的艺术。由此，印象主义在法国出现。这一流派得名于克劳德莫奈（1840-1926）的画作印象日出。在这幅作品里，莫奈试图传达场景中的光线和动态变化这个场景给他的主观印象而非对场景本身的详细记录。许多印象派画家描绘自然或日常生活场景，其他画家，如雷诺阿（1841-1919）则关注人。与那个时期冷色调的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的画作充满了光影和色彩，极具生命力他试图在展示创作对象的外在形象之余，也呈现他们内心的温暖和人性。现代艺术（20世纪至今）继印象主义之后，后来的画家们开始发问：“我们接下来做什么呢？”毕加索（1881-1973）等画家尝试用一种新方式立体主义分析自然界中存在的形状。另一些画家给他们的画作赋予了逼真却又梦幻的特质。还有些画家转向了抽象艺术。他们不再试图反映现实，而是发问：“什么是艺术？”Using Language课