成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 ca17

2018/9/13,1,Process Costing,CHAPTER 17,Learning objectives,2018/9/13,2,Identify the situations in which process-costing systems are appropriate Describe the five steps in process costing Calculate equivalent units and understand how to use them Use the weighted-average method of process costing Use the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of process costing Incorporate standard costs into process-costing systems Apply process-costing methods to situations with transferred-in costs,Learning Objective 1Identify the situations in which process-costing systems are appropriate,2018/9/13,3,Job-Costing and Process Costing: Opposite Ends of a Continuum,2018/9/13,4,Job-Costing SystemsDistinct, identifiable units of a product or serviceExamples: Custom-made machines, Houses,Process-Costing SystemsMasses of identical or similar units of a product or serviceExamples: Food, Chemical processing,Job-Costing and Process Costing: Opposite Ends of a Continuum,2018/9/13,5,A job-costing system is best suited to operations that have distinct, identifiable units of a product, such as custom-made jewelry. A process-costing system works best in an environment in which masses of identical or similar units are produced, such as food processing.,Job-Costing and Process Costing: Opposite Ends of a Continuum,2018/9/13,6,In a process-costing system, the unit cost is determined by assigning total costs to many identical or similar units. Total costs are divided by the number of units produced to arrive at the unit cost. The main difference in the two systems is the extent of averaging used to compute unit costs of products or services. Process costing uses broad averages to determine an average production cost for all units produced.,Process Costing,2018/9/13,7,Process costing is a system where the unit cost of a product or service is obtained by assigning total costs to many identical or similar units Each unit receives the same or similar amounts of direct materials costs, direct labor costs, and manufacturing overhead Unit costs are computed by dividing total costs incurred by the number of units of output from the production process,Process-Costing Assumptions,2018/9/13,8,Direct Materials are added at the beginning of the production process, or at the start of work in a subsequent department down the assembly line Conversion Costs are added equally along the production process,Process-Costing Assumptions,2018/9/13,9,Objective 2,2018/9/13,10,Describe the five steps in process costing,Five-Step Process-Costing Allocation,2018/9/13,11,The five-step procedure to calculate the cost of fully assembled units during the month as well as the cost of partially completed units at the end of the period are: Step 1:Summarize the flow of physical units of output. Step 2:Compute output in terms of equivalent units. Step 3:Summarize total costs to account for. Step 4:Compute cost per equivalent unit. Step 5:Assign total costs to units completed and to units in ending work in process.,Case 1: process costing with zero beginning and zero ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,12,P477（603）,Case 1: process costing with zero beginning and zero ending work in process inventory,2018/9/13,13,Case 2:process costing with zero beginning but some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,14,Case 2:process costing with zero beginning but some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,15,P478（603）,Learning Objective 3Calculate equivalent units and understand how to use them,2018/9/13,16,Equivalent Units,A derived amount of output units that: Takes the quantity of each input in units completed and in unfinished units of work in process and converts the quantity of input into the amount of completed output units that could be produced with that quantity of input Are calculated separately for each input (direct materials and conversion cost),2018/9/13,17,Case 2:process costing with zero beginning but some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,18,Case 2:process costing with zero beginning but some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,19,P480(606),Case 2:process costing with zero beginning but some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,20,P479(605),Journal Entries,2018/9/13,21,Case 3:process costing with some beginning and some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,22,The most complex situation arises in process costing when the company has beginning and ending work-in-process inventories. There are two methods for process costing: the weighted-average process-costing method and the first-in, first out (FIFO) process-costing method. The difference in the two methods deals with how equivalent units of production are calculated.,Case 3:process costing with some beginning and some ending work-in-process inventory,2018/9/13,23,Learning Objective 4Use the weighted-average method of process costing,2018/9/13,24,Weighted-Average Process-Costing Method,2018/9/13,25,Calculates cost per equivalent unit of all work done to date (regardless of the accounting period in which it was done) Assigns this cost to equivalent units completed and transferred out of the process, and to incomplete units still in process The beginning balance of the Work-in-Process account (work done in a prior period) is blended in with current period costs,