英语 中三大类从句

英语三大类从句之用法与比较从句概述 从句只能做主句的某一部分,依附于主句 而存在,不能独立。 从句也具有句子的特征，即有自己的主 谓结构；而且带有引导词。 根据从句在句中的作用，可分为名词性 从句、形容词性（定语）从句和副词性 （状语）从句三类。一、名词性从句l名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其关 联词有连词that, if, whether；连接代词what, who, which和连接副 词when, where, why, how等。从句 连连接词词主语语从句宾语宾语从句介词词后 宾语宾语从句形容词词后 宾语宾语从句表语语从句同位语语从句thatwhetherifWh- 词词（含 how) 带带后缀缀 ever的词词连接词的用法 (一)1. that 连词 that本身无实际意义，在从句中 不担当任何成分，在宾语从句中有时可以省 略。如：I hear (that) he has joined the football club.That light travels in a straight line is known to all.Is it certain that they will win?为保持句子平衡， that 引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语 而把真正的主语从句后置。主要有以下几种情况： It is +n. ( a pity / a shame / a fact / no wonder ,etc )+ that-clauseIt is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.It is no wonder that he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day. It is +adj. ( certain / likely / probable / true , etc.) + that-clauseIt is probable that he told her everything.It is true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week. It is +p.p. (said / reported /believed ,etc. )+that-clauseIt is reported that China has sent another man-made satellite into orbit. It +v. (seems / happened, etc. )+that-clauseIt seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It happened that I was out that day. 其他情况:It doesnt matter whether he will come or not.It makes no difference where we had the meeting.It suddenly occurred to me that she had forgotten to lock the door.连接词的用法 (二)§ 2. whether 和 if 连词whether和 if表“是否”之意，在从 句中不可省略。在下列情况中只用whether不用if: 引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时；The question is whether it is worth trying.Whether she comes or not makes no difference.I have no idea whether I should believe him or not. 从句作介词的宾语时；Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. or not紧随其后时；I dont care whether or not he has a holiday. 后接不定式时。 She cant decide whether to go. Who, whom, whose, what, which 连接代词Who, whom, whose, what, which等 在从句中既起连接作用，又担当主语、宾语、表 语等成分，并保留其特殊疑问词词义。如：No one knows who he was waiting for.Tell me whose house it is.Let me know which train you will be arriving on.连接词的用法 (三)连接词的用法 (四)§ where, when, why, how连接副词where, when, why, how等在从句中作状 语，其词义与特殊疑问词词义相同。I dont know where we are going to have the meeting.She always thinks of how she can work well.What Im anxious to know is when we can visit the museum.Please tell me when you will arrive.连接词的用法 (五)§ 5. whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever连接代词 whoever=anyone who, whomever= anyone whom , whatever= anything that , whichever=anything that .如：Whoever comes to the club is welcome.Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.You may do whatever you will.Whosever book is overdue will be fined.You may offer the book to whoever wants it.You may offer the book to whomever you like.二、定语从句在复合句中，修饰主句的某个名词或代词，或修 饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句 修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句位于先行词之后。 定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词等引出。关 系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as 和关系副词when, where, why须位于从句之 首、先行词之后。起着连接先行词和定语从句的 作用，同时又在定语从句中充当某一成分。关系 代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as在 定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。关系副词 when, where, why在定语从句中作状语。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句起修饰、限定或确定的作用，同先行词的 关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将从句去 掉，主句的意思就不完整，甚至不合乎逻辑。常翻译成带“ 的”字的定语性词组。如：The boys who are planting trees on the hill are middle school students. 在山上种树的男孩都是中学生。 非限制性定语从句跟先行词的关系不密切，它只是对先行 词起附加说明作用。如果将其去掉，主句的意义仍然完整 并合乎逻辑。从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。常翻译成并列 分句。如：Toms father , who is over sixty, still works hard day and night . 汤姆的父亲已年过六旬，依然努力工作着。关系代词的用法（一）who 指人，是主格，在从句中作主语。如：Do you know the boy who is standing under the tree?He is one of the students who have been to Beijing.He is the only one of the students who has been to Beijing.注：关系代词在从句中作主语时，其人称和数要与其先行词一致。whom指人，是宾格，在从句中作宾语如：The student who (whom) we visited yesterday is a famous artist.注：who在口语中可代替whom。关系代词在从句中作宾语时，一般可 省去。whose是所有格，多指人，也可以指物指物时可与of which换用。Mrs Wang is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to Shanghai.He lives in the house whose (the windows of which) faces the south 关系代词的用法（二） which指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。He likes to use the dictionary which was published in 1986. 注：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可置于关系代词之 前或之后。介词前置时，关系代词不可省。指人时 亦不可用who代替whom。如：This is the house in which we lived last year.This is the house (which) we lived in last year. 注：短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开；在定语从句 中，其介词不可前置Is this the book she is looking for?关系代词的用法（三） that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 代替who, whom 或 which。但 that在定语从句 中可作介词的宾语时，介词不可前置。如：The girl (that /who / whom) our teacher is speaking to is our monitor. as作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，常用在 such ,the same之后。Such stamps as (Stamps such as) you have collected are very valuable.This is the same pen as I used yesterday. c.f. This is the same pen that I used yesterday定语从句只用that不用which的几种情况that指物时一般可以和which换用，但在下列几种情况下只用 that不用which：先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, something等；如:We are ready to do something that is of some help to others.先行词被all, only, no, some, any, every, each, few, little等修饰时；如：I have read all the books (that) you gave me.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时；如：The first lesson (that