新四级阅读题型与对策

阅读的方法Contentsl评价你的阅读习惯l 阅读的误区与误解l提高阅读效率的实用技巧l排除阅读理解障碍l你是否读得非常慢，非常仔细，不相信自己能 全部理解所读的东西。l阅读时你的嘴唇和舌头是否在动。l在阅读时你的头是否随着所读文字符号的位置 而左右移动。l你是否经常回读，即读过的东西又重新读一遍 ，甚至二、三遍。l你是否有很多单词不认识，或不知道它在此处 的含义。阅读的误区与误解误区1l专注于书上每个单词能帮助理解和记 忆误区2l不管读什么都只能采取慢读、细读的 方法误区3l回头复读刚读过的内容会加强理解误区4l阅读速度的提高会影响阅读理解效果误区5l快速阅读从生理上不可能，因为眼睛 不能移动那么快提高阅读效率的实用技巧Step 1 提高阅读自觉性 Step 2 利用眼睛移动配合阅读 Step 3 设定阅读速度 Step 4 扩展视程 拓宽注视范围 Step 5 阅读时形象化思考 Step 6 标志词作为阅读指示Step 1: 提高阅读自觉性l改变关于阅读的想法，制定改进目标。lTo refine my reading style and improve my reading rate, I shouldl1._ _l2._ _l相信自己，从现在开始以较快速度阅读！阅读方式、 目的、 技 巧 分析 性 复杂论文，科技报告预览、推论、归纳、评 价逻辑性及写作技法 研究 性 教科书、求解问题材 料、文学作品、预览、阅读、写提纲、 做笔记、画概略图 泛读消遣读物、浅显易懂文 章以探寻的心态积极阅读 、辨别中心思想及主要 细节 略读所有书面材料：报纸 杂志上的文章、出不了 解教科书、小说、说 明手册、难度大的读物 格式及组织形式读标题 、次标题、然后 读引导性段落、其他各 段首句、归纳结论 段或 总结段巡读在文章中寻找名字、日 期、数量、地点等具体 信息的书面材料；从参 考、指南中查询信息寻找关键词语 ：数字、 人名、大写字母Step 2: 利用眼睛的移动配合阅读l Step 3: 设定阅读速度l如何测评你的阅读速度？Step 4:扩展视程、拓宽注视范围Step 5: 阅读时尽可能作形象化思 考Step 6: 标志词作为阅读的指示l快行道信号（go words)l中速道礼让信号l慢行道信号l路端信号快行道信号l后续内容标志词（go words)l Additionally, in addition, besides, again, also, furthermore, and, and so, likewise, more, moreover, as welll例举标志词（examples ahead)l An illustration of, to illustrate, for this reason, as an example, specifically, for instance, such as中速道礼让信号l这些标志词作者想表达：我想强调一些重要 的事儿。阅读时要仔细，必要时可加快速度 ，可采取“一停、二看、三通过”的动作阅读l“Stay Alert” Signals:lA central issue/ concern/ factor, primarily, chiefly, more importantly, the basic factor, in fact, particularly, without question慢行道信号l警示标志词（caution Signals): 这类词表示 ：前面有弯路，我要改表想法，或提出与上 文相反意见，这时你不许降低阅读速度，这 类词有：lAlthough, on the contrary, but, otherwise, despite, unless, however, if, whether, in contrast, while, neverthelessl里程标志词 (Mile Markers): 解释内容可能 顺序排列：first, second, first of all, last, in the first place路端信号l这些标志词警示读者降低阅读速度：“我既将 做个总结或指出要点。”lAccordingly, last of all, basically, to summarize, consequently, therefore, finally, the effect, hence, the implication, in conclusion, the most important, thus, to recapitulate排除阅读理解障碍：词-句-段-主旨排除阅读理解障碍: Contentsl在语境中理解词的意思l理解复杂语句的意思l 领会直述和隐含的段落大意l 区分主要细节和次要细节在语境中理解词的意思l 你对上下文运用的如何？常用的猜词线索如下：l 1. 语义线索和句法线索l 2.句子中的定义线索:直接解释句法线索l 3.句子中的对比解释l 4.利用自己的经验推测单词在句子中含义l 5. 句子中的归纳解释l 6. 句子中的例举解释你对上下文运用的如何？lThey have sanctioned the proposed law because they know it will benefit the environment.lOfficials believe the committee is using delay tactics to impede progress.lThe sudden warm weather increased our indolence; we failed to complete the job.你对上下文运用的如何？lEach day she vacillated about whether to take the job; she could not make decision.l A facile assignment is completed easily and quickly语义线索 和句法线索lThe flood was a calamitous event and resulted in the loss of many lives.l根据语法线索calamitous event, 可以 知道单词calamitous是形容词；根据语义线 索“导致大量人员丧生”，判定 calamitous event 与大不幸有关。定义线索l直接解释后定义是最常用的线索。有时作 者直接用同义词来解释；另有些使用标志 性词语做提示，如that is, is, is defined as, for example, namely, in other words, 或者 for instance. 例如l有时作者使用标点符号如逗号，破折号， 或冒号来告诉读者。例如 lIn the skeletal system, a foramen, that is, an opening through a bone, serve as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments.lCyberphobia is the irrational fear of, and aversion to, computers. BacklA numismatista collector of gold medals needs considerable capital to get started in business. lFamous as a writer and lecturer, he popularized transcendentalism, a romantic philosophical theory claiming that there was an ideal, intuitive reality transcending ordinary life. lAristotle said that rhetoric (argumentation) involves using all the available means of persuasion, and he defined the means of persuasion as ethos (personal credibility), logos logical organization and reasoning) and pathos (emotional appeal).Back对比解释l通常，but, however, yet 或者in contrast表 转折或相反。例如：lHer sister was always at ease with everyone she met; Minette, however, was quite gauche in social situations.根据经验推测l利用自己熟悉的情景来帮助理解，解释单 词，或预测它的意思。如：lScrooge was such a skinflint that he wouldnt give any of his employees a Christmas gift or even the day off from work.归纳解释l有时生词会以总结、归纳的形式被解释出 来。如：lThere was bitterness in her voice, a scowl on her face, and then an angry replyas usual, she was in a captious mood as she spoke to the children. 例举解释l作者常会举相关例子加以说明。例子有时 能指出说明单词词义的场合，特征或伴生 事件。有时会使用标志词，如like和for instance. 例如：lDieseling happens when you shut off the engine and it keeps running. It will chug, jump, smoke and cough, and, if you turn the key back on, the engine will just keep running. 理解复杂语句的意思l句子的基本结构l哪些句子造成理解困难？l阅读长难句l借助标点符号理解句子 句子的基本结构l两个关键问题有助于确定主要意思 l（1）句子主要针对什么？判定主语。l（2）主体发生了什么事？判定谓语动词或 短语。lExamples: Examples:lThe American economy, though weakened, still grew significantly in the past few years. l句子中心意思是American economy grew significantly. 其余是附加信息。l在有多种意思的长句中，主要意思并不总 是很明显，通常不止一个主语和谓语动词 ，如： lExtensive information networks continue to grow both inside and outside business