别性角色定向对团队图式的影响

团队图式的性别角色定向效应： 对美国一所联邦卫生保健机构指标的多变量分析qThe Effects Of Gender Role Orientation On Team Schema: qA Multivariate Analysis Of Indicators In a U.S. Federal Health Care Organizationq ROBERT F. SCHERER q College OF Business Wright State University q莱特州立大学商学院q JOSEPH A. PETRICKq Department of Management Wright State University q莱特州立大学管理系qThe Journal of Social Psychology Vol 141 No. 1 Feb, 2001性别角色定向:是个人对一种标准预期的接受或排 斥,这种预期就是一定社会环境下对男性或女性行 为的义务、责任和规则的假定。qGender role orientation may be conceptualized as an individuals acceptance or rejection of the “normative expectations about the duties, responsibilities ,and rules for behavior in specific situations that men and women in a given society should assume”q 一个传统型性别角色定向的人较多的是对这种 标准预期的接受，而非传统型性别角色定向的 人则更多的是对这种标准预期的排斥。图式：是一种从原有经验发展而来的知识 结构，用来组织新的信息和增进共同的理 解qA schema is a knowledge structure developed from past experience that organizes new information and facilitates shared understandingq当不同心理性别的成员进入一个团队， 其心理性别和团队图式会指导他们作为 团队成员的一些假设、预期和行为。性别图式和自我图式两种理论,被用来解释为什么 有些人比其他人更愿意用生理和心理性别作为分 类、处理和评价信息的基础。nTwo theoriesgender schema theory and self-schema theoryhave been proposed to explain why some people are more likely to use biological sex and psychosocial gender as the basis for categorizing, assimilating, or evaluating information.根据心理性别图式理论，具有性别图式意味着自 发地将原因和行为归于与心理性别有关的范畴， 而不考虑与性别无关的其他可行的范畴nAccording to gender schema theory, being gender schema means spontaneously sorting attributes and behaviors into categories related to gender, despite viable alternative categories unrelated to gender.根据自我图式理论，一个在某一领域具有图式的 人能够被认为是在该领域属于“专家”型的人nAccording to self-schema theory, a person who is schematic in a particular area can be thought of as an “expert” within that domain.n两种理论最大的不同在于，自我图式理论认为 个体只有在与自我相关的特定状态时才会具有 性别图式。The biggest distinction between self-schema theorists and gender schema theorists is that the former argue that individuals are gender schematic only in more specifically self-related ways.以往对个人在使用心理或生理性别因素作为参考 和评价的认知结构的不同趋势的经验调查，几乎 一直都集中在性别图式如何指导信息处理上。nEmpirical investigators of individual differences in the tendency to use psychosocial gender or biological sex as a cognitive frame of reference and evaluation have focused nearly exclusively on how gender schema directs information processing.n然而本研究的所关注的是，根植于性别图式或自我图 式理论上的性别角色定向对团队图式的影响。Of interest in the present study, however, is the relation of gender role orientation,grounded in either gender or self-schemas, to team schemas.团队图式，可以定义为从原有团队经验发展而来 的各种知识结构，用来组织新的信息和增进对团 队相关现象的理解。nTeam schemas can be defined as knowledge structures developed from past team experiences that organize new information and facilitate understanding of team-related phenomena.以前的研究者提出的一些研究结论： The foregoing researchers produced consistent results:n团队成员在考虑各种团队现象过程中发展起相 似的团队图式。Team members developed similar team schemas over time regarding various team-related phenomena.n团队的全面有效性与成员相似的团队图式有关 。Similar team schemas among team members were related to overall team effectiveness.n团队图式首先从原有的团队经验发展而来。 Team schemas were developed primarily from past team experience.与团队有效和无效相关的一个重要变量是团队的 心理性别构成。One important variable associated with team effectiveness and ineffectiveness is team gender composition.n心理性别构成对团队作用影响的研究结论各不 相同。The results of research on the impact of gender composition on team functioning have been mixed.n关于成员之间的凝聚力，凝聚的程度趋向取决 于团队成员的心理性别构成。With regard to interpersonal cohesion, cohesion levels tend to vary depending on the teams gender composition.该研究的理论基础是明显的。The rationale for the present study is evident.n各种不同心理性别角色定向的团队成员，在理解和评 价团队工作过程中会有很大不同。Mixed-gender team members with varied gender role orientations may understand and evaluate the process of teamwork very differently.n以前的研究者只研究了心理性别角色定向对小组变量 的影响，而没有特别注意性别角色如何影响团队图式 。Whereas previous investigators have identified the effects of gender role orientation on group variables, they have not focused specifically on how gender role may effect team schemas.我们提出以下问题作为本研究的开始：We posed the following research question to guide the study:n研究的问题：心理性别角色定向影响团 队成员对团队图式的评价吗？ Research question: Does gender role orientation affect team members evaluations of team schemas?方法 Method 1n参与者 该研究的参与者是位于美国中西部城 市的一所大型联邦卫生保健机构的649名职员 。Team members participating in present study were 649 employees of a large federally operated care facility in a mid- western metropolitan area of the United States.n团队图式测试 我们从2000组织调查的项目中 建立团队图式的指标体系。We constructed team schema indicators from ite