情态动词及直接间接引语

情态动词及直接间接引语直接引语及间接引语 一、直接引语 直接引用别人的原话叫做直接引语，直接引语通常置于引号内。 What is it all about? 究竟是什么事呢？ Nothing serious, just a storm in a teacup. 没有什么，大惊小怪而已。 二、间接引语 用自己的话转述别人的意思，或引用自己说过的话， 都叫做间接引语。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。 Mary said that she received a sugar report this morning. 玛莉说她今天早上收到了一封情书。 He said that his hands were quite full at that moment. 他说那时他忙得不可开交。 三、直接引语与间接引语的转换 在将直接引语转换为间接引语时，不仅句式上要有变化，而且要在时态、人称、时间、地点等方面作相应的变化。 1、引语转换时的句式变化 不同的直接引语句式，如：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，转换成间接引语时要遵循一定的句式转换规则，还要注意根据句意，使用适当的引述动词。 陈述句的间接引语 将陈述句转换为间接引语，通常用that引导的宾语从句来表达。连词that 在不引起歧义的情况下可以省略。引述分句的动词常见的有say 和tell等。 He said, I caught a cold yesterday. 他说：我昨天感冒了。 à He said (that) he had caught a cold the day before. 他说他前天感冒了。 Helen said to me, Im tired of taking such exams. 海伦说：我讨厌参加这种考试。 à Helen told me (that) she was tired of taking such exams. 海伦说她讨厌参加这种考试。 在下列情况下，往往要保留that。 that 的省略会产生歧义。 Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the train had already left. 琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。 当引述动词后面不止跟一个that引导的从句时，第二个that不能省略。 He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。 疑问句的间接引语 直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接问句。引述的动词常用ask, inquire, wonder, want to know等。间接问句的词序一般都用正常词序，句末不用问号，用句号。 一般疑问句的间接引语 直接引语为一般疑问句时，用连词whether或if 引导，某些表示请求的疑问句也可以转换成间接祈使句。 I asked him, Are you satisfied with the results? 我问他：你对这结果满意吗？ à I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results. 我问他对这结果是否满意。 Did you go to the British Museum yesterday? asked Kate. 凯特问：你昨天有没有去大英博物馆？ Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before. à 凯特问我昨天有没有去大英博物馆。 The old man said to a passer-by, Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel? 那位老人跟一位过路人说：请问到长城饭店的路怎么走。 à The old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel. 那位老人请一位过路人告诉他去长城饭店的路。 选择疑问句的间接引语 直接引语为选择疑问句时，用连词whether/ifor引导。 He said, Are you interested in English or not? 他说：你是否对英语感兴趣? à He asked (me) whether I was interested in English or not. 他问我是否对英语感兴趣。 Do you like Chinese food or Japanese food? he asked. 他问：你喜欢中国食物还是日本食物？ à He asked whether / if I liked Chinese food or Japanese food. 他问我喜欢中国食物还是日本食物。 特殊疑问句的间接引语 直接引语为特殊疑问句，转换为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。 What do you do in your free time? he asked me. 他问我：你业余时间干什么？ à He asked me what I did in my free time. 他问我业余时间做什么。 Why did she go to America? Paul asked. 保罗问：她为什么去美国？ à Paul asked why she had gone to America. 保罗问她为什么去了美国。 祈使句的间接引语 直接引语如果是祈使句，变成间接引语后，叫间接祈使句。 祈使句表示命令时，要把直接引语的动词say变成command, order, tell等动词，被转述的部分改为动词不定式。否定祈使句改为not to do结构。 Stay where you are, she said. 她说：呆在原地。 à She told me to stay where I was. 她告诉我呆在原地。 Dont smoke in the room, he said. 他说：别在房间里抽烟。 à He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我别在房间里抽烟。 祈使句表示请求时，常把直接引语的动词say变成ask, beg, request, urge等动词。 She said to me, Please wait till I return, will you? 她说：请你一直等到我回来，好吗？ à She begged me to wait till she returned. 她请求我一直要等到她回来。 以Lets开头的祈使的句，通常将引述动词改为suggest，然后再接that从句。 John said to Bill, Lets go hiking tomorrow. 约翰对比尔说，我们明天去徒步旅行吧。 à John suggested to Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day. 约翰向比尔提议第二天去徒步旅行。 感叹句的间接引语 直接引语是感叹句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接感叹句。间接感叹句多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，还可以根据句子表达的不同感情选用适当的动词和状语来转换。 He said, What a beautiful view it is! 他说：多么漂亮的景色！ à He said that it was a very beautiful view. 他说景色非常漂亮。 à He cried out what a beautiful view it was. 他大声说这景色是多么地漂亮。 She often says, What a great country China is! 她常说：中国是一个多么伟大的国家！ à She often says that China is a very great country. 她常说中国是一个非常伟大的国家。 à She often remarks with admiration (that) China is a great country. 她常常赞赏地说中国多么伟大 并列句和复合句的间接引语 当转述的内容为并列句或复合句，或有两种以上的句子时，应根据不同的句式来选择不同的引述动词和连接词。 He said, I told her to wait, but she went away. 他说：我告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。 à He said (that) he had told her to wait but that she went away. 他说他已经告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。 She said, It is cold here. Is the window shut? 她说：这儿很冷。窗户关了吗？ à She said that it was cold there and asked if the window was shut. 她说那儿很冷，并问窗户是否关了。 Fenwick said to me, Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know. 芬威克对我说：去看看罗宾吧，他会告诉你想要知道的事情。 à Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know. 芬威克建议我去看罗宾，因为他会告诉我想要知道的事情。 2.引语转换时的各种相应变化 直接引语转换成间接引语除了有句式的变化外，还要掌握动词时态、人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和词序的变化。 动词时态的变化 如果引述动词为现在时态，间接引语的动词可以保持原来的时态。 He says, I have been writing a novel. 他说：我一直在写一本小说。 à He says that he has been writing a novel. 他说他一直在写一本小说。 如果引述动词为过去时态，间接引语中的时间就要往后推，即现在时间推至过去时间，过去时间推至过去的过去，将来时间推至过去将来时间。具体变化见下表： 直接引语时态 间接引语时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 一般将来时