2022年考博英语-浙江大学考前模拟强化练习题21（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-浙江大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The deterioration of the environment, both physically and aesthetically, is most apparent in our cities. The dehumanizing effects of life in the slums and ghettoes particularly, where there is little hope for improving conditions, have often been cited as contributing causes of urban rioting and disturbances. Crime rates usually reach their peak in these neighborhoods. Such symptoms of general psychological maladjustment suggest that modern cities provide a less than ideal environment for human beings.There seems to be abundant evidence that traditional cultural patterns break down in cities, and also that the high numbers of contacts with individuals, not part of ones circle of regular social acquaintances may lead to mental disturbance defined here merely as behavior generally considered “disturbed” by the majority of the society. It is important to note that antisocial behavior and “mental illness” are found in all cultures, and that indeed the same disorders recognized by Western psychiatrists are found even in primitive peoples. Therefore, we can be reasonably certain that lack of an evolutionarily “natural” environment is not the sole cause of such behavior. Nevertheless, that lack may well serve to aggravate the problems of people living in our most crowded, smoggy, and impersonal metropolises.Stanford psychologist PG Zimbardo has concluded that urban pressures are transforming Americans into potential assassins. He based his conclusions on experimental studies of the connection between anonymity and aggression, and on field studies of vandalism. He noted an estimated 230 violent urban outbreaks in the period 1964-1969, and reported that in 1967 vandals in New York City alone wrecked 360, 000 pay telephones, broke 202, 719 school windows, and did damage to parks and transit systems costing some $ 850, 000. Cars were abandoned on streets of a large city (New York) and a small one (Palo Alto, California) , and secretly watched to see if there was a difference in vandalism between the two localities. The New York car was virtually demolished within three days by 23 separate attacks by looters and vandals, nearly all in view of passersby and during the daytime. The Palo Alto car was not molested for more than a week. How much (if any) of such behavior might be reduced if density were lowered is unknown, but at least the anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that high density is a factor in such problems. Crime rates are some five times as high in urban as in rural areas. Though some of this difference may be due to disparities in reporting, not all of it can be explained on this basis. Rates for violent crimes have been shown to be positively correlated with actual population densities in American cities. This general correlation held for statistics taken in three different years, 1940, 1950, and 1960, in the same cities. The rises in assault and robbery with higher density were particularly striking, although murder and rape both also reflected the trend. Robbery is the only one of the four that does not most commonly occur between acquaintances. Interestingly, crime rates in the suburbs have been rising in the past few years, especially among teenagers from relatively affluent areas, although their crimes are more often acts against property than crimes of violence.1.According to the passage, most often crimes are committed in（）.2.Which of the following statements is TRUE about antisocial behavior and “mental illness”?3.According to PG Zimbardos research,（ ）.4.The writer holds that（ ）.5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of breakdown in urban areas?  问题1选项A.the suburbsB.commercial areas of big citiesC.the slums and ghettoesD.the parks and transit systems问题2选项A.They are unique in modern cities.B.They are graver in metropolises.C.They are never found in primitive peoples.D.They result entirely from the lack of a “natural” environment.问题3选项A.there exists a higher rate of vandalism in a more densely-populated cityB.when population densities decrease, crime rates go upC.there is no correlation between the population density and crime rateD.suburban teenagers are more apt to commit violent crimes than small thefts问题4选项A.deterioration of the environment in a modern city will make it unfit for people to live inB.lack of a “natural” environment results in antisocial behavior and “mental illness”C.deterioration of environment in a metropolis plays a certain role in causing high crime ratesD.vandalism and other violent outbreaks will never disappear in most crowded metropolises问题5选项A.Vandalism.B.Suicide.C.Rioting.D.Rape.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的第二句“The dehumanizing effects of life in the slums and ghettoes particularly,.urban rioting and disturbances.”特别是在条件改善希望渺茫的贫民窟和贫民区，生活的非人道影响经常被