江苏专转本英语考试语法重点大全课件(DOC 34页)

江苏省专转本英语考试语法重点大全一）倒装句谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前。一、全部倒装1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。There stands a stone bridge across the river.There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcers voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。3、以 here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装：There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。但：Away they went.5、在表达祝愿的句子里：Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 中美人民的友谊万岁！May you succeed! 祝你成功！6、在强调表语时Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。Such is the case. 情况就是这样。二、部分倒装1、省略 if 的虚拟条件句中Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话，我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 没有空气和水，世界上就不会有生命。2、在以 so（肯定）和 neither, nor（否定）的句子中He didnt fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未来。Ive had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，别人也会有啊。Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有传染力，同样信任也具有传染力。3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner . than , in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case，采用部分倒装。Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。4、句首状语由 only+副词，only+介词短语，only+状语分词时Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。5、在强调宾语时Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献。Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。二）非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。（二）非谓语动词的句法功能1）逻辑主语为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。 不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句：It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。 动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：Marys grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mothers staying with them was the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。Xiao Lis being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的迟到让老师很恼火。Our sole worry is (you) your relying on yourself too much. 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wangs going with them together. 他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。 分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来，地球像个蓝色的球体。这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, Laughing and chatting, the pupils left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, 独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了，老师把学生打发走了。The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 随着树的不断长高，树荫也越来越浓密了。Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。二、非谓语动词考查点1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：1. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceled B. have been canceledC. were canceled D. having been canceled【答案】D。【解析】独立主格结构做状语表示原因。2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点。如：1. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay