现在完成时态

基本结构：主语 +have/has+过去分词（done）肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系也就是说，动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在I have spent all of my money.（含义是：现在我没有钱花了 .）Jane has laid the table.（ 含义是：现在桌子已经摆好了 .）Michael has been ill.（ 含义是：现在仍然很虚弱）He has returned from abroad.（ 含义是：现在已在此地）（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的，持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for （+时间段），since （ +时间点或过去时的句子）连用 .Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose）不能直接与for since连用。要改变动词come-bego out-be outfinish-be overopen-be opendie-be dead1.have 代替 buyMy brother has had( 不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrowI have kept( 不能用 have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用 be 替代 becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher?4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用 wear 代替 put onb)用“be形容词”代终止性动词1、be+ married 代 marry 2、be + ill 代 fall (get) ill3、be + dead 代 die 4、be + asleep 代 fall (get) asleep5、be + awake 代 wake/wake up 6 、be + gone 代 lose,die,sell,leave7、be + open 代 open 8、be closed 代 close/shut9、be+missing(gone,lost) 代 losec)用“be副词”代终止性动词1 "beb on”代 start,begin2 "beb up”代 get up3 " beF back(to) 代 return to,come back to,go back to4 "be here (there) 代 Come(arrive,reach,get) here 或 go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等d)用“be介词短语”代终止性动词1. “be in/at +L点”代替 go to /come to2. 用 be in the army 代替 join the army3. “ be in/at 明点”代替 move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.f have been in sw./at 相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned f have been back3. have come/gone out f have been out4. have become f have been5. have closed / opened f have been close/open6. have got up f have been up；7. have died f have been dead;8. have left sw. f have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleepf have asleep ;10. have finished/ended/completed f have been ovq r11. havemarried f have been married ;12. have started/begun to do sth.fhavedones th.13. have begun f have been on14. have borrowed/bought fhave kept/had15. have lost f haven ' t had16. have put on f have worn17. have caught /get a cold f have had a co ld18. have got to knowf have known19. have/has gone tof have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyf have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party' s member/the leaguemember/the soldier 注意：1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语)如 yesterday(morning 、 afternoon),last(morning 、 afternoon)等，除非与 for,since 连用.21. 在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如 already (肯定)，yet (否定，疑问)，just, before, recently,still, lately 等：He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?22. 在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如 often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion 等：Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.23. 在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如 now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far 等：Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.24. 在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作We have had four texts this semester.25. 在完成时的“完成用法”现在完成时的“完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的 情况-灯现在不亮了。）现在完成时"完成用法”的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状 语（如：already , yet, before , recently 等）、频度时间状语（如：never, ever, once 等）、 包括现在时刻在内的时间状语 （如：this morning / month /year. , today等）连用。例如：Have you found your pen yet ?你已找到你的钢笔了吗？26. 在完成时的”未完成用法"现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还 要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978. 自从1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语 相连的时间状语（如：up to now , so far）等。1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。）我在部队已经呆了五年多了。（动作起始于（动作开始于）（由since或for弓I导），或表示与现在时刻到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.注意：（1）现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come , go , arrive , leave , join , become , die 等。27. 段时间+has passed+since 从句28. 在完成时常和短语"up to now /till now", "so far"（意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.）至今他已读过好多故事书。至今我已到纽约去过三次。的区别Up to/till now he's read many story books.I've been to New York three times so far.29. has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)gone:去了没回been to :去过been