《冷血》中社会环境对佩里·史密斯的影响国际文学专业

摘要杜鲁门·卡波特是美国当代著名的杰出作家。他的冷血享誉欧美文坛，被认为是非虚构小说的扛鼎之作。在这本书中，作者杜鲁门·卡波特着力刻画了主人公佩里·史密斯的不健全心理和社会环境对他的性格，行为造成的影响。本文基于弗洛伊德精神分析理论基础上研究了主人公佩里·史密斯的不健全心理和社会环境对他的性格、行为造成的影响，着重探讨了佩里被压抑的本我以及不完善的超我，社会环境对他造成的影响包括家庭层面的影响以及家庭以外的影响。通过研究，不难看出佩里强大的本我由于不能满足而处于压抑状态之中；坎坷的成长经历使他的自我没有得以健康发展，而常常处于分裂状态的自我不能很好地遵从超我的命令控制本我，三者的发展不能保持在和谐稳定的状态，社会环境的孤立性使得佩里这个人物充满了悲剧性，最终走向了悲剧的结局。关键词：冷血；佩里·史密斯；精神分析理论；人格；社会环境1.Introduction1.1The Status of Truman CapoteTruman Capote is a distinguished writer in the field of American contemporary literature He was born on September 30, 1924, named originally Truman Streckfus Persons , in New Orleans. Capote experienced a childhood spoiled by his parents' divorce and therefore during his lifetime, he tried to gain attention and care from others. He was sent to live with relatives in Monroeville, Alabama, after his parents' divorce. It was here that he would get acquainted with his lifelong friend, the woman writer, Harper Lee. Capote rose to international prominence in 1948 with the publication of his debut novel, Other Voices, Other Rooms. Among all his celebrated works are Breakfast at Tiffanys, A Tree of Night, The Grass Harp, Summer Crossing, A Christmas Memory, and In Cold Blood. In Cold Blood was widely considered as one of the greatest books of the twentieth century. Capote is known as the representative of new journalism and the earliest founder as well. He is the academician of National Institute of Literature and Art, and is awarded O. Henry Prize in 1946,1947,1951 respectively and the prize of National Institute of Literature and Art. He published 14 full-length novels with distinctive style and abundant connotation and couples of short stories, biography and literary theory, and the nonfiction establishes a distinctive status.In Cold Blood, Breakfast at Tiffanys etc. works created by Capote not only occupy an indispensable part in the American literature ,but were adapted for the screen. Capote is the movie based on In Cold Blood. The leading men ,Philip Seymour Hoffman, won the Oscar for Best Actor in 2005. In the same year, this film got the top of the list of National Film Critics Association.Before In Cold Bloods publication, Capote had made several successful attempts to combine the two different writing styles between journalistic report and literary narrative. One was an impressionistic report, entitled The Muses are Heard, which told a tour of Gershwin musical Porgy and Bess in Soviet Russia. Another was a portrait of Marlon Brando in the first person. Neither of the two was purely journalistic, yet both enhanced Capote's enthusiasm for nonfiction, an enthusiasm leading him to the Clutter case. With the publication of In Cold Blood, Capote reached the peak of his writing career. Capote became a conspicuous pioneer of nonfiction written with the techniques of fiction. The notion of nonfiction made a great stir at that time. Then later, this general type of writing began to be called variously new journalism, literary nonfiction or creative nonfiction.In Cold Blood is Truman Capote's perfect reconstruction of a murder, in which aKansas family is slain in the year of 1959. In this novel, the relations of humans development and environment is put onto table. In order to reap the expected reward of fame, Capote makes comprehensive studies and investigations about the killings and then analyzes this murder according to the materials.1.2The Introduction of In Cold Blood and Its InfluenceIn Cold Blood is about a murder that shocks the whole America. It is true that Capote achieves success with his earlier fictional works including his debut work -Other Voices, Other Rooms, and the novelette- Breakfast at Tiffany' s and some short stories. However, there is no doubt that Capote's fame as a writer would be gravely faded without In Cold Blood.In Cold Blood is a kind of documentary writing that astounds the whole America. It is divided into four parts: The Last to See Them Alive, Person Unknown, Answer and The Corner. In the book, elaborate efforts are made to explore the essence of the case. The motivation of the two murders, Perry and Dick, is ambiguous. Supposed they kill the Clutters for money, at the beginning of their conspiracy, they are not sure whether the Clutters living in Kansas have a safe or not. Even though Mr. Clutter does have a safe, they dont know that how much money is in the safe. Later, they search the house just finding out less than 50 dollars. Few killers commit crimes for a little money. If they do it for lust, the deceaseds daughter isnt proved suffering humiliation. Neither, they dont make acquaintance with the Clutters, let alone for revenging. The two murders kill the four members of the Clutters not for money, lust or revenging on the premise that without conspicuous motivation, which is really horrendous. Finally, The two murderers are caught and hang .Its just as dramatic as a creating process. In 1959, a real murder taking place in th