MLA和APA写作格式

Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米，16开A4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉？Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号；上面边距是1.27厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutors name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角，纵向排列你的名字；学号、班级；指导老师的名字；课程名称；日期（格式是日月年，中间不用标点符号，月份也不用缩写，如：29 December 2011） 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题？)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中，用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体，下划线或斜体，如果标题中有已出版的文章，文章部分用双引号，如果是书籍，书籍部分用斜体。如：Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲？（(You are not required to write an outline this time).注意：这次没有要求写提纲。）As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考MLA科研论文写作规范第五版38页的提纲：A级：用大写罗马数字I, II, III等；B级：用大写英文字母A, B, C等；C级：用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等；D级：用小写英文字母a，b, c 等; E级：用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级：用小写英文字母加括号，如：(a), (b), (c).) 7. （如何写副标题？）As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体，其余用10号字体，大写锁定键键入，如：主标题是：Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中)，B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.（左对齐），然后用两倍行距分行，开始正文部分；C级标题大写词首字母，用斜体格式，不分行，直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落？)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch. Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸（1.75厘米），用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分？)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分？它是作者的生平介绍吗？它是小说的故事情节介绍吗？) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍，也不是作品的故事情节介绍，而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调，告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性；引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束，中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点，指导和控制全文，使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解？)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长，在引言之后接下来一段，你可以介绍你论文的结构，便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? （正文段落的有哪些要素？）Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. Youd better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始，要注意用过渡段的连接词，词组或句子，把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句，接下来用列子证明，句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词，词组，最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献？)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The authors/authors name/s go before the page number with no co