语言学名词课后测试题

第一章n Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. n Arbitrariness -No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.n arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.n duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.n displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.n competence: language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.n langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.n parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).简答：6.does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animalscall. Redstop Greengo Yellowget ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial ANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical paircompetence and performance.第二章1. phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.2. Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.3. phonetics-The study of speech sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .4. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.5. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.6. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.7. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.8. Syllable: word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as a vowel.第三章 1. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.2. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.3. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).4. derivation: is a process of the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. Words formed in this way are called derivatives, which are open-class.5. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.6. allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme. 7. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.8. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.9. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.第四章n Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies