华南地区红火蚁局域和长距离扩散规律研究

华南地区红火蚁局域和长距离扩散规律研究陆永跃，梁广文，曾 玲（华南农业大学红火蚁研究中心，广州 510642）摘要：【目的】研究红火蚁入侵中国大陆历史、局域及长距离传播扩散规律问题，为预防和控制该虫提供科学依据。【方法】通过实地调查获得并分析华南地区多个红火蚁入侵事件的主要参数，建立并应用相关模型对红火蚁入侵历史、传播规律进行研究。【结果】对8个典型入侵事件的主要参数研究结果表明，在华南地区红火蚁局域扩散速度一般为110190 m·a-1。分别建立了疫区面积（Sq）、蚁巢分布面积（Sf）、蚁巢数量（Nm）、中心区蚁巢密度（Dm）等指标和入侵时间之间关系的数学模型，分别是Sq=166384e0.5345T、Sf=28997e0.5784T、Nm=59.966e1.1756T、Dm=6.4533lnT-0.9852。应用以上模型推测红火蚁入侵华南地区已有10年以上历史，其中入侵深圳、广州、吴川时间较早，入侵年份分别为1995年、1995年、1996年，19982005年扩展到其它20多个地区。目前，华南地区红火蚁空间分布特征呈明显的“2-2-2”型，即珠江三角洲、惠州、河源和粤西吴川、阳春、高州、电白、茂港两大块区域；东部的新罗、上杭、大埔、西部的岑溪、陆川、北流两小块；南宁、张家界两个空间跳跃点。红火蚁侵入县级区域数量和入侵后时间长度之间关系模型为Y1=2.6094X 1.0368、Y2=4.1923X 0.9699，年传播扩散距离为80 km左右。【结论】红火蚁入侵华南地区历史较长，侵入区域多，局域扩散速度慢，长距离传播扩散速度较快。关键词：红火蚁；入侵历史；扩散速度；华南Study on Expansion Pattern of Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in South ChinaLU Yong-yue, LIANG Guang-wen, ZENG Ling(Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642)Abstract: 【Objective】Red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren, a famous dangerous alien species in the world, was found to infest firstly at Wuchuan, Guangdong, Chinas mainland in September 28, 2004. It distributed more than 30 counties and infested at 27 000 ha in late 2005. It had already caused serious damages to agriculture, human heath and ecosystems in these areas. Parameters related to the invasion of RIFA were investigated to explore its expansion pattern.【Method】In this study, most of 4 parameters of more than twenty invading cases were collected and analyzed, and the introducing time and expansion pattern of different cases were revealed according to the models that had been built up.【Result】 Models between acreage of quarantine area (Sq), acreage of area occupied by active mounds (Sf), active mounds quantity (Nm), density of active mounds at centre of infestation area (Dm) and duration from introduction time (T) were constructed, respectively, as follows: Sq=166384e0.5345T, Sf=28997e0.5784T, Nm=59.966e1.1756T and Dm=6.4533lnT - 0.9852. Speed of average location expansion of RIFA in south China was about 110-190 meters per year respectively by the models Sq=166384e0.5345T and Sf=28997e0.5784T. The method to determine the time when RIFA was introduced was built up according to the above models and data collected on the invading cases of RIFA. By analysis of the above models, RIFA was introduced and located the first time in Chinas mainland about 10 years ago, and infested earlier in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Wuchuan, then was introduced into other regions by transportation. Currently, the spatial distribution appeared in type of 2-2-2 obviously, including two large blocks, two small blocks and two skipping spots. One large block was composed of Zhujiang river delta, Huizhou and Heyuan, the other Wuchuan, Yangchun, Gaozhou, Dianbai and Maogang. Two little blocks included Xinluo, Shanghang, Dapu and Cenxi, Luchuan, Beiliu, respectively. Nanning and Zhangjiajie were the two skipping spots in geography. According to COI gene diversity, introduction time and geographical distribution, RIFA was introduced through more than two ways, more than one spot and one time. The number of counties infested by RIFA in south China was significantly correlated to the duration after introduction, and the models were presented as Y1=2.6094X 1.0368 and Y2=4.1923X 0.9699. The number of counties infested in going-on decades was forecasted to be 43-58 in 2010, 120-150 in 2035, and the increasing speed was 3-4 counties per year. The expansion speed was shown to be 33.6 km per year and 98.3 km per year respectively by the methods of square root of acreage and beeline distance. The expansion speed was about 80 km per year.【Conclusion】The duration for invasion of RIFA into south China was about 10 year, and the districts infested were more than 30 late 2005. The local expansion speed was slown as 110-190 meters per year, but that speed at long distance was high, about 80 km per year. Key words: Solenopsis invicta Buren; Introduction history; Expansion speed; South China / 文档可自由编辑打印0 引言【研究意义】生物入侵是当前全球面临的共同难题。自20世纪90年代以来，由于生物入侵所造成的巨大损失已引起了人们广泛的关注。入侵的过程及其扩散传播规律是生物入侵研究中要解决的核心问题之一。对作为全球最具危险性100种入侵生物之一的红火蚁（Solenopsis invicta Buren）的扩散规律开展研究，明确其在新发生区中国南方的局域扩散和长距离传播规律是十分必要的和迫切的。【前人研究进展】红火蚁原分布于南美洲部分区域，于19181930年间入侵美国后通过苗木的调运迅速扩散到美国东南部广大地区，现已占据超过1.29亿公顷土地，且发生面积呈进一步增大趋势1,2。2001年澳洲和新西兰相继发现红火蚁入侵，2003年10月中国台湾有关植物检疫机构发现桃园地区有红火蚁入侵为害，至2004年12月发生面积约为7 000 ha，2004年底在广东省吴川局部地区发现红火蚁危害3,4。2005年12月已在广东、广西、福建、湖南、香港、澳门等地发现多个红火蚁疫点，发生的县级区域超过30个，面积超过2.7万公顷。关于红火蚁的入侵途径、传播扩散规律等国外已开展了相关研究。红火蚁传播扩散包括自然扩散和人为传播，自然扩散主要是生殖蚁飞行或随洪水流动扩散，也可随搬巢而作短距离移动，有翅蚁飞行扩散能力较强，最多可飞行5 km5；人为传播主要因园艺植物、草皮、废土、堆肥、园艺农耕机具设备及货柜、车辆等运输污染等作长距离传播，甚至养蜂箱的长途运输有时也会携带红火蚁传播。美国红火蚁扩散速度很快，1918年发现红火蚁（Solenopsis richteri 或 S. invicta）入侵阿拉巴马州，1958年扩展到8个州141 县，1995年为11个州，扩展速度为198 km·a-11。在觅食领域扩展竞争方面红火蚁主要采取成熟蚁巢的竞争性占有，而非建立新蚁巢的方式打败热带火蚁S. geminata6。根据红火蚁的生物学、生态学习性，可以对红火蚁发生区域界限、扩张速度进行预测。Pimm等7在分析19651976年得克萨斯州红火蚁发生数据以及气候条件对红火蚁扩张综合作用的基础上，构建了红火