机械专业外文文献翻译-外文翻译--发光二极管
发光二极管LED（Light Emitting Diode），发光二极管，是一种固态的半导体器件，它可以直接把电转化为光。LED的心脏是一个半导体的晶片，晶片的一端附在一个支架上，一端是负极，另一端连接电源的正极，使整个晶片被环氧树脂封装起来。半导体晶片由两部分组成，一部分是P型半导体，在它里面空穴占主导地位，另一端是N型半导体，在这边主要是电子。但这两种半导体连接起来的时候，它们之间就形成一个“P-N结”。当电流通过导线作用于这个晶片的时候，电子就会被推向P区，在P区里电子跟空穴复合，然后就会以光子的形式发出能量，这就是LED发光的原理。而光的波长也就是光的颜色，是由形成P-N结的材料决定的。 50年前人们已经了解半导体材料可产生光线的基本知识，第一个商用二极管产生于1960年。LED是英文light emitting diode（发光二极管）的缩写，它的基本结构是一块电致发光的半导体材料，置于一个有引线的架子上，然后四周用环氧树脂密封，即固体封装，所以能起到保护内部芯线的作用，所以LED的抗震性能好。发光二极管的核心部分是由P型半导体和N型半导体组成的晶片，在P型半导体和N型半导体之间有一个过渡层，称为P-N结。在某些半导体材料的PN结中，注入的少数载流子与多数载流子复合时会把多余的能量以光的形式释放出来，从而把电能直接转换为光能。PN结施加反向电压时，少数载流子难以注入，故不发光。这种利用注入式电致发光原理制作的二极管叫发光二极管，通称LED。 当它处于正向工作状态时（即两端加上正向电压），电流从LED阳极流向阴极时，半导体晶体就发出从紫外到红外不同颜色的光线，光的强弱与电流有关。 最初LED用作仪器仪表的指示光源，后来各种光色的LED在交通信号灯和大面积显示屏中得到了广泛应用，产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益。以12英寸的红色交通信号灯为例，在美国本来是采用长寿命、低光效的140瓦白炽灯作为光源，它产生2000流明的白光。经红色滤光片后，光损失90%，只剩下200流明的红光。而在新设计的灯中，Lumileds公司采用了18个红色LED光源，包括电路损失在内，共耗电14瓦，即可产生同样的光效。 汽车信号灯也是LED光源应用的重要领域。 对于一般照明而言，人们更需要白色的光源。1998年白光的LED开发成功。这种LED是将GaN芯片和钇铝石榴石（YAG）封装在一起做成。GaN芯片发蓝光（p=465nm，Wd=30nm），高温烧结制成的含Ce3+的YAG荧光粉受此蓝光激发后发出黄色光射，峰值550nm。蓝光LED基片安装在碗形反射腔中，覆盖以混有YAG的树脂薄层，约200-500nm。 LED基片发出的蓝光部分被荧光粉吸收，另一部分蓝光与荧光粉发出的黄光混合，可以得到得白光。现在，对于InGaN/YAG白色LED，通过改变YAG荧光粉的化学组成和调节荧光粉层的厚度，可以获得色温3500-10000K的各色白光。这种通过蓝光LED得到白光的方法，构造简单、成本低廉、技术成熟度高，因此运用最多。 上个世纪60年代，科技工作者利用半导体PN结发光的原理，研制成了LED发光二极管。当时研制的LED，所用的材料是GaASP，其发光颜色为红色。经过近30年的发展，现在大家十分熟悉的LED，已能发出红、橙、黄、绿、蓝等多种色光。正是这些彩色光源使LED广泛用来显示文字、图形、图像、动画、行情、视频、录像信号等各种信息。LED显示屏分为图文显示屏和视频显示屏，均由LED矩阵块组成。图文显示屏可与计算机同步显示汉字、英文文本和图形；视频显示屏采用微型计算机进行控制，图文、图像并茂，以实时、同步、清晰的信息传播方式播放各种信息，还可显示二维、三维动画、录像、电视、VCD节目以及现场实况。LED显示屏显示画面色彩鲜艳，立体感强，静如油画，动如电影，广泛应用于金融、税务、工商、邮电、体育、广告、厂矿企业、交通运输、教育系统、车站、码头、机场、商场、医院、宾馆、银行、证券市场、建筑市场、拍卖行、工业企业管理和其它公共场所。 LED显示屏可以显示变化的数字、文字、图形图像；不仅可以用于室内环境还可以用于室外环境，具有投影仪、电视墙、液晶显示屏无法比拟的优点。LED之所以受到广泛重视而得到迅速发展，是与它本身所具有的优点分不开的。这些优点概括起来是：亮度高、工作电压低、功耗小、小型化、寿命长、耐冲击和性能稳定。LED的发展前景极为广阔，目前正朝着更高亮度、更高耐气候性、更高的发光密度、更高的发光均匀性，可靠性、全色化方向发展。Light Emitting DiodeLED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly converted into electricity to light. LED is the heart of a semiconductor chip, the chip is attached to one end of a stent, is the negative side, the other end of the power of the cathode, the entire chip package to be epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, part of the P-type semiconductor, it inside the hole-dominated, the other side is the N-type semiconductor, here is mainly electronic. But linking the two semiconductors, among them the formation of a "PN junction." When the current through the wires role in this chip, will be pushing e-P, P zone in the hole with electronic composite, and then to be issued in the form of photon energy, and this is the principle of LED luminescence. The wavelength of light that is the color of light, is formed by the PN junction of the decisions of the material.50 years ago, people have to understand semiconductor materials can produce light of the basic knowledge, the first commercial diodes in 1960. English is the LED light emitting diode (LED) acronym, and its basic structure is an electroluminescent semiconductor materials, placed in a wire rack, then sealed with epoxy resin around, that is, solid package, Therefore, the protection of the internal batteries can play the role of line, so the seismic performance LED good. LED is the core of the P-type semiconductor and components of the N-type semiconductor chips, the P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor between a transition layer, called the PN junction. In some semiconductor materials in the PN junction, the injection of a small number of carrier-carrier and the majority of the extra time will be in the form of light energy to release, thus the power to direct conversion of solar energy. PN junction on reverse voltage, a few hard-carrier injection, it is not luminous. This use of injection electroluminescent diodes is produced by the principle of light-emitting diodes, commonly known as LED. When it in a positive state of the work (that is, at both ends with forward voltage), the current flows from the LED anode, cathode, semiconductor crystals on the issue from the ultraviolet to infrared light of different colors, light and the strength of the currents.Instruments used for the first LED light source instructions, but all kinds of light colored LED lights in traffic and large screen has been widely applied, have a very good economic and social benefits. The 12-inch red traffic lights as an example, is used in the United States have long life, low-efficiency 140 watt incandescent lamp as a light source, it produced 2,000 lumens of white light. The red filter, the loss-90 percent, only 200 lumens of red light. In the light of the new design, Lumileds companies have 18 red LED light source, including the loss of circuit, a total power consumption of 14 watts to generate the same optical effect. Automotive LED lights is also the source of important areas
