质量工具培训课件：The Basic Seven (B7)Tools of Quality

The Basic Seven(B7)Tools of QualityA PowerPoint Training PresentationBy Keith H.CooperBy Keith H.CooperAs much as 95%of quality related problems in the factory can be solved As much as 95%of quality related problems in the factory can be solved with seven fundamental quantitative tools.-Kaoru Ishikawawith seven fundamental quantitative tools.-Kaoru Ishikawa What are the Basic Seven Tools of Quality?Fishbone DiagramsFishbone DiagramsHistogramsHistogramsPareto AnalysisPareto AnalysisFlowchartsFlowchartsScatter PlotsScatter PlotsRun ChartsRun ChartsControl ChartsControl ChartsWhere did the Basic Seven come from?Kaoru Ishikawa Known for“Democratizing Statistics”Known for“Democratizing Statistics”The Basic Seven Tools made statistical The Basic Seven Tools made statistical analysis less complicated for the average analysis less complicated for the average personperson Good Visual Aids make statistical and Good Visual Aids make statistical and quality control more comprehendible.quality control more comprehendible.The Basic Seven(B7)Tools of QualityFishbone Diagrams No statistics involvedNo statistics involved Maps out a process/problemMaps out a process/problem Makes improvement easierMakes improvement easier Looks like a“Fish Skeleton”Looks like a“Fish Skeleton”Constructing a Fishbone Diagram Step 1-Identify the ProblemStep 1-Identify the Problem Step 2-Draw“spine”and“bones”Step 2-Draw“spine”and“bones”Example:Example:High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreStoreShrinkageConstructing a Fishbone Diagram Step 3-Identify different areas where Step 3-Identify different areas where problems may arise fromproblems may arise fromEx.:Ex.:High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreHigh Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreShrinkageemployeesshopliftersConstructing a Fishbone Diagram Step 4-Identify what these specific Step 4-Identify what these specific causes could becauses could beEx.:Ex.:High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreHigh Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-theft tags poorly designedExpensive merchandise out in the openNo security/surveillanceConstructing a Fishbone Diagram Ex.:Ex.:High Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreHigh Inventory Shrinkage at local Drug StoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-theft tags poorly designedExpensive merchandise out in the openNo security/surveillanceemployeesattitudenew traineetrainingbenefitspracticesConstructing a Fishbone Diagram Step 5 Use the finished diagram to Step 5 Use the finished diagram to brainstorm solutions to the main problems.brainstorm solutions to the main problems.The Basic Seven(B7)Tools of QualityHistogramsBar chartBar chartUsed to graphically represent groups Used to graphically represent groups of dataof dataConstructing a HistogramFrom a set of data computesummean(x)MaxMinRange(max-min)Constructing a HistogramUse range to estimate beginning and end Calculate the width of each column by dividing the range by the number of columnsRange#of Columns=WidthAcme Pizza ExampleLets say the owner wants a distribution of Acmes Thursday Night SalesData Set from last Thursday(slices)Data Set from last Thursday(slices)0 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 0 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 1 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 41 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 4Acme Pizza ExampleMean=2.032258 Mean=2.032258 Max=7 Max=7 Min=0 Min=0 Range=7 Range=7 QuestionQuestionFor 7 columns what would the width For 7 columns what would the width be?be?Range/Columns=7/7=1 sliceAcme Pizza ExampleSlices of Pizza#times orderedHistogramConstructing a HistogramHow is this helpful to Acme?How is this helpful to Acme?2 slices of pizza most common order 2 slices of pizza most common order placedplacedDistribution of sales useful for Distribution of sales useful for forecasting next Thursdays late forecasting next Thursdays late night demandnight demandIf you were an Acme manager how If you were an Acme manager how could you apply this information?could you apply this information?The Basic Seven(B7)Tools of QualityPareto AnalysisVery similar to HistogramsVery similar to HistogramsUse of the 80/20 ruleUse of the 80/20 ruleUse of percentages to show Use of percentages to show importanceimportanceAcme Pizza(part 2)SlicesSlicesFrequencyFrequency%0 01 1.3.31 1 33 33 13.09 13.092 2 65 65 25.79 25.793 38 8 3.17 3.174 4 12 12 4.76 4.765 50 00 06 60 00 07 71 1 .3 .3Acme Pizza(part 2)The completed Pareto Analysis results in the The completed Pareto Analysis results in the following graph:following graph:Slices of Pizza#times ordered2143756Acme Pizza(part 2)Critical ThinkingHow does the Pa