阅读理解之议论文【备课精讲精研+能力拓展提升】高考英语基于语篇的阅读理解分析

阅 读 理 解 之议论文议论文目 录C O N T E N T S01议论文的类别02议论文的特点03议论文的答题技巧04议论文阅读技能指导05议论文的真题探究01议论文的类别议论文议论文书评论说文评论报刊社论专栏文章影评摘要学术论文演绎论证议论文演绎论证议论文从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。归纳论证议论文归纳论证议论文一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。比较论证议论文比较论证议论文一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。02议论文的特点篇章结构的论证结构篇章结构的论证结构提出问题 分析问题 解决问题原因-结果归纳归纳，分析个别事物，寻找共同点，再得出结论；并列并列，即几个论据之间是平等的关系；递进递进，即几个论据之间是递进的关系；对照对照，把两种事物加以对比，分析、说明，得出结论；驳论驳论，即阐述别人的错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点。篇章结构的论证结构篇章结构的论证结构 Problem-solving 提出问题 分析问题 得出结论 Cause-effect 提出论点 解释原因或阐释危害 呼应论点篇章结构的组织形式篇章结构的组织形式总分式结构(总分；总分总；分总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)、递进式结构(几个段落之间属于递进关系)。03议论文的答题技巧一、事实细节题一、事实细节题 议论文中设计的事实细节题一般较简单,多数情况下是直接信息题,往往以what,which,who,when,where,howmany/much等方式提问。1.对对According to.类题型的考查。类题型的考查。这类题常由Accordingto the passage或Accordingto the.paragraph等引导,考生只需在原文中找到和题干相同的关键词语和表达方式,确定相同的内容,就能找到答案。Roadpoliteness is not only good manners,but also good sense too.It takes the mostcool-headed drivers great patience to give up the desire to beat back whenforced to face rude driving.On the other hand,a little politeness goes a longway towards reducing the possibility of quarrelling and fighting.A friendlynod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create anatmosphere of good will and calm so necessary in modern traffic conditions.Butsuch behaviours of politeness are by no means enough.Many drivers nowadays donteven seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.73.According to the driver,a good driver should_.A.beatback when forced to face rude driving B.be ableto recognize politeness when he sees it C.encourage old ladies to cross the roads whenever they want to D.join intraffic stream quickly however other people feel 根据本段中最后一句话.torecognize politeness when they see it可知,答案应该为B。如果选A的话,应该是答非所问;C、D项文章中没有提及。2.对涉及疑问词类型试题的考查。对涉及疑问词类型试题的考查。作者为了阐明中心思想而列举的例证,所申诉的理由,所提出的论点,其阐述过程会涉及who,what,which,when,where,why,how和how much,how many,how often等,只要留意上述细节内容,就会直接获得这一类型试题的答案。It is soeasy to waste our lives,our days,our hours,and our minutes.It is so easy toexist instead of to live.I learned to live many years ago.Something really,really bad happened to me,something that changed my life in ways that,if Ihad my choice,it would never have been changed at all.And what I learned fromit is what,today,seem to be the hardest lesson of all.67.Howdid the author form her view of life?A.Throughsocial experience.B.Bylearning from her friends.C.Throughan unfortunate experience.D.Fromher children and husband.从本段第三、四句话I learned to live many years ago.Something really,really bad happened to me,something that changed my life.可知,作者是通过一次不幸的经历形成了她生活的观点,故答案为C。二、词义猜测题二、词义猜测题 议论文的生词较多,因此,出现词义猜测题是理所当然的。这类题不仅考查学生的语言知识水平,还考查学生的语言应用能力和综合素质水平。这种试题常以“Theunderlined word“.”in paragraph.probably means _.”或“What is the meaning of the underlined word.in paragraph.?”等来设问。词义猜测离不开特定的语境和上下文词义猜测离不开特定的语境和上下文的意思。同学们可以利用一些猜词技巧的意思。同学们可以利用一些猜词技巧如同义、近义、反义、释义等方法来解如同义、近义、反义、释义等方法来解题。题。A savingaccount is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest.Compoundingworks by paying interest.So,for example,one dollar invested at two percentinterest for two years will earn two cents in the first year.The second year,the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents,and so on.Thatmay not seem like a lot,but over time it adds 66.The underlined words“compound interest”in thepassage probably means _.A.increasing curiosity to learn how to make more money B.stronger power to hold ones attention to saving money C.moneypaid by the bank on your original money and the gain from it D.the sumof money that you earn from keeping your money in the bank 文章接下来的一段解释了“复利”的含义存钱后得到的利息,本金加利息得到更多的利息,即“利滚利”,所以答案为C。如果选A的话,即认为interest(利息)等于curiosity(好奇心),很明显是牛头不对马嘴;B项与下一段的解释不符;D项表达不到位,没把compound的意思表达出来。三、推理判断题三、推理判断题 在议论文阅读理解题中出现频率最高、难度最大的是推理判断题。常见的推理判断题主要考查写作目的、作者态度、结论推断和出处推断等。这种试题常以What can be inferred/learnedfrom the passage?What can we infer from the paragraph?What is the purpose ofthe text?What was the writers attitude toward.?等形式来设问。1.结论推断题。结论推断题。在议论文中常会有结论推断题,这类题属于总括理解性题。文章中没有直接发表观点,要求考生根据文章所提供的事实推断出其结论或所蕴含的道理。另外,问题针对的不一定是全文或作者本人的观点,也可能是针对文章某一处或某一细节。Learningis a process of trying and failing and trying and succeeding.If you teach yourchildren not to fear a mistake or failure,they will learn faster and achievesuccess at last.68.Having read the last paragraph,we can conclude that_.A.pride goes before a fall B.practice makes perfect C.no pains,no gains D.failure is the mother of success 从本段最后一句话“If you teach your children notto fear a mistake or failure,they will learn faster and achieve success atlast.”可以推知“失败乃成功之母”,所以答案为D。2.写作意图题和作者态度题。写作意图题和作者态度题。议论文的写作目的比较明确,答题时关键在于把握句、段之间的逻辑关系,切忌以自己的观点代替作者的观点;在夹叙夹议的文章中,议论部分往往蕴含着作者的写作意图,比较容易找到答案。在判断作者观点态度时,一定要注意有些文章作者的语气和态度没有明确显示,但文章中总会有几处关键性的词或句子流露出作者的语气和态度;有时候作者先介绍某一观点,而在文末又提出相反的观点,答题时要判断作者的真正观点或态度,必须着眼于整篇文章。Mostcities in the state have similar problems.They all invol