低碳燃料在电力部门清洁能源转型中的作用(英)-2021.10-116页
The Role of Low-CarbonFuels in the CleanEnergy Transitions ofthe Power Sector The Role of Low-CarbonFuels in the CleanEnergy Transitions ofthe Power Sector INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYThe IEA examines thefull spectrumof energy issuesIEA membercountries:IEA associationcountries:including oil, gas andcoal supply andAustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceBrazilChinademand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement andmuch more. Throughits work, the IEAadvocates policies thatwill enhance thereliability, affordabilityand sustainability ofenergy in itsIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandHungaryIrelandItalyJapan30 member countries,8 association countriesand beyond.KoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainPlease note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at SwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited Stateswww.iea.org/t&c/This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEASource: IEA. All rights reserved.International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org The role of low-carbon fuels in the clean energytransitions of the power sectorAbstractAbstractGovernments around the world are faced with the challenge of ensuring electricitysecurity and meeting growing electricity uses while simultaneously cuttingemissions. The significant increase in renewables and electrification of end-usesplays a central role in clean energy transitions. However, due to the variable natureof solar PV and wind, a secure and decarbonised power sector requires otherflexible resources on a much larger scale than currently exists today. Theseinclude low-carbon dispatchable power plants, energy storage, demand responseand transmission expansion. The availability and cost of these technologiesdepends on local conditions, social acceptance and policies.The possibility to combust high shares of low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia infossil fuel power plants provides countries with an additional tool for decarbonisingthe power sector, while simultaneously maintaining all services of the existingfleet. The relevant technologies are progressing rapidly. Co-firing up to 20% ofammonia and over 90% of hydrogen has taken place successfully at small powerplants, and larger-scale test projects with higher co-firing rates are underdevelopment.Ultimately, using large volumes of low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia in thepower sector will help establish supply chains and drive down costs througheconomies of scale and technological improvements, thereby complementing andmutually reinforcing the use of low-carbon in fuels in other hard-to-abate sectorssuch as long-haul transport and industry.PAGE | 3 The role of low-carbon fuels in the clean energytransitions of the power sectorAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements, contributorsand creditsThis study was prepared by a cross-agency working group drawn from severaldirectorates of the IEA. The study was designed and directed by Paolo Frankl(Head of the Renewable Energy Division). The analysis and production of thereport were led and co-ordinated by Ilkka Hannula.The work benefitted from strategic guidance by Keisuke Sadamori (Director ofEnergy, Markets and Security). The main contributors were: Ilkka Hannula, PaoloFrankl, Niels Berghout, Keith Everhart, Peerapat Vithayasrichareon, Luis Lopezand Sara Budinis.Other IEA colleagues who made contributions to this work include (in alphabeticalorder): Julien Armijo, Elisa Asmelash, Jose Bermudez Menendez, CarlosFernandez Alvarez, Alexandre Gouy, Astha Gupta, Taku Hasegawa, CesarAlejandro Hernandez, Zoe Hungerford, Javier Jorquera, Randi Kristiansen, PeterLevi, Raimund Malischek, Samantha McCulloch, Gergely Molnar, Tomas deOliveira Bredariol, Uwe Remme, Nicole Thomas and Brent Wanner.The report benefitted also from contributions from following external consultants:Alfonso Chinnici (University of Adelaide), Graham J. Nathan (University ofAdelaide), and Cédric Philibert (IFRI)Valuable comments, feedback and guidance were provided by other seniormanagement, including Keisuke Sadamori, Peter Fraser, Aad van Bohemen andTimur Gül.Thi